Microbes Pt1 Lec 1-4 Flashcards
(24 cards)
What is Taxonomy?
the classification and naming of species based on similarities and differences.
Binomial nomenclature - linnean naming system; system for naming certain species
What is the ancromy for taxonomy levels to their actual name
Daring King Philip Came Over For Good Soup
Domain Kingdom Phylum Class Order Family Genus Species
Define a Phylogenetic tree
trees that use lots of evidence to show the relationship between species and their ancestors
Define parsimony
Parsimony - the least number of evolutionary changes
What are the three main domains?
Eukaryota
Archaea
Bacteria
What are the five main kingdoms?
Plantae
Fungi
Animalia
Monera
Protista
Define monophyletic
a group of one ancestral species and all the direct descendants of it
define paraphyletic
a group from one ancestral species that includes a part of the whole group of direct descendants
define polyphletic
some descendants of one ancestral species and different descendant species from a different ancestor.
Define biodiversity and why its important:
the amount of different species in a given area, ranging from animals, plants, fungi, and microbes.
A higher biodiversity means a better chance of adaptation and survival as there’s a higher amount of adaptability and variation in morphology
Explain the Shannon Wiener Index
A calculation taken that uses the species “richness” and species diversity present in an area; proportional abundance of each species
This shows the relative diversity of an area
Name the three types of diveristy and why they measure:
Alpha - the species diversity and richness within a singular habitat
Gamma - total species diversity over a large landscape (forest, or coral reef)
Beta - species diversity difference between two different areas, or the same area from different times.
(this is calculated from gamma diversity divided by alpha diversity)
What si the Benefit of Genetic Diversity:
more material for natural selection
high varied morphology increases ability of species to resist change
explain the term microorganism and waht it is and what it is not:
not an actual kingdom, but a generalized classification method for Bacteria, Archaea, Fungi, and Viruses
how are microorganisms measured?
µm- micrometer - used to measure microorganisms like virus, bacteria, and fungi
nm - nanometers
Waht si an extremophile
Extremophiles - microorganisms that can live in very intense environments (extreme salinity, heat, pH, etc.)
found in hot springs around the world. Maybe they’re all the same same, maybe not?
Give the 5 most important poeple for microbiology history and what htey did:
Leeuwenhoek - dentist that used plaque to see microorganisms for the first time
Pasteur - swan-neck flask to see contamination of contents - spontaneous generation
Koch - established anthrax and Bacillus anthracis
Waese - used RNA sequence to distinguish between archaea and bacteria using HGT
Kary Mullis - first to create DNA replication (PCR)
what is a species
a class of organisms with main characteristics that can successfully reproduce fertile offspring.
Waht si HGT?
Horizontal Gene Transfer (HGT) - when microorganisms combine DNA through 3 main methods
What are the three parts of HGT and explain them:
Transformation - when environmental DNA is picked up and incorporated into the DNA of the microorganism
Transduction - when a bacteriophage injects it’s own DNA into another host, which then replicates and produces more organisms with combines DNA sequences.
Conjugation - cell-to-cell contact is required where DNA is then transferred directly between organisms
What is ASVs?
Amplicon Sequencing Variants - non-species specific method of identifying similar microbes using 16S rRNA sequences
Explain 16S ( or ITS2 for fungi)
using the rRNA of microbes to see if >97% of the gene sequence is the same
How can we apply microbe diversity to alpha, beta, and gamma diversity?
Main uses of measuring microbial diversity through 16S rRNA gene sequencing and PCR
Microbial function = shotgun metagenomics (using TCA cycle)
Rarefaction curves - tells us if we’ve accurately sampled or sequenced enough for an accurate community understanding
What are the main steps to microbe official classification?
Cell Growth characteristics
16S rRNA gene sequences >97%
Correct naming
Phenotypic characteristics
Cultivated - quite hard
