MICROBIA

Question 1

What is the causative agent of malaria?

Answer 1

Plasmodium species

The worst one is Plasmodium falciparum, which causes cerebral malaria and blackwater fever.

Question 2

Which mosquito serves as the vector for malaria?

Answer 2

Female Anopheles mosquito

Question 3

What is the first step in the pathophysiology of malaria infection?

Answer 3

Mosquito bites and injects sporozoites into blood

Question 4

What occurs after sporozoites enter the liver during malaria infection?

Answer 4

They multiply inside hepatocytes

Question 5

What is released into the blood when hepatocytes burst in malaria?

Answer 5

Merozoites

Question 6

What do merozoites invade after being released into the blood?

Answer 6

Red blood cells (RBCs)

Question 7

What causes fever, chills, and anemia in malaria?

Answer 7

Destruction of RBCs releases toxins

Question 8

True or False: Cerebral malaria occurs when infected RBCs get stuck in small brain blood vessels.

Answer 8

True

Question 9

What is blackwater fever characterized by?

Answer 9

Massive RBC lysis leading to hemoglobin in urine

Question 10

List some clinical features of malaria.

Answer 10

• Fever
• Chills
• Sweating
• Anemia
• Splenomegaly
• Dark urine (blackwater fever)

Question 11

What diagnostic method is used for malaria?

Answer 11

Peripheral Blood Smear

Question 12

What is the most effective treatment for malaria?

Answer 12

Artemisinin-based Combination Therapy (ACTs)

Question 13

What type of mosquito nets help prevent malaria?

Answer 13

Mosquito nets that block mosquitoes while sleeping

Question 14

What is the causative agent of leishmaniasis (kala-azar)?

Answer 14

Leishmania donovani

Question 15

Which insect acts as the vector for kala-azar?

Answer 15

Sand fly

Question 16

What is the primary diagnostic method for kala-azar?

Answer 16

Blood culture

Question 17

What pathogen causes skin infections and septicemia?

Answer 17

Staphylococcus aureus

Question 18

What disease is caused by Streptococcus pneumoniae?

Answer 18

Pneumonia and meningitis

Question 19

What is the causative agent of Chagas disease?

Answer 19

Trypanosoma cruzi

Question 20

What causes African trypanosomiasis (sleeping sickness)?

Answer 20

Trypanosoma gambiense

Question 21

Which fly is the vector for African trypanosomiasis?

Answer 21

Tsetse fly

Question 22

What are the first steps in the pathophysiology of African trypanosomiasis?

Answer 22

Parasite enters blood and spreads through lymphatics

Question 23

What neurological symptoms are associated with African trypanosomiasis?

Answer 23

Confusion and sleep disturbances

Question 24

What are the two types of antibiotics?

Answer 24

• Bacteriostatic
• Bactericidal

Question 25

What is the function of bacteriostatic antibiotics?

Answer 25

Stops bacteria from growing

Question 26

Which antibiotics are examples of bactericidal agents?

Answer 26

* Penicillins * Aminoglycosides

Question 27

What are the four phases of the bacterial growth curve?

Answer 27

* Lag Phase * Log Phase * Stationary Phase * Death Phase

Question 28

During which phase of the bacterial growth curve do bacteria divide rapidly?

Answer 28

Log Phase

Question 29

What happens during the stationary phase of bacterial growth?

Answer 29

Growth stops due to nutrient depletion and waste accumulation

Question 30

What is the mnemonic to remember the bacterial growth curve phases?

Answer 30

LLSD = Lag, Log, Stationary, Death

Question 31

Fill in the blank: Bacteriostatic antibiotics _______ bacterial growth.

Answer 31

[stop]

Question 32

Fill in the blank: Bactericidal antibiotics _______ bacteria.

Answer 32

[kill]