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Immune week 6 > Microbial Defense > Flashcards

Microbial Defense Flashcards

(124 cards)

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1
Q

Humoral is most effective for ……

A

extracellular pathogens

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2
Q

Cellular is most effective for….

A

intracelluar pathogens

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3
Q

CD8 T cells, Cytotoxic (killer) T cells interacts with which class of MHC

A

MHC I

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4
Q

What is CTL’s effect on the cell its acting on?

A

Induces the virus infected cell to undergo apoptosis

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5
Q

TH1 cells interacts with what kind of cell?

A

Macrophage which has MHC II

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6
Q

TH1’s effect on the cell its interacting with?

A

Tell Macrophage to kill the bacteria/pathogen it phagocytose

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7
Q

………..both interact with………….

A

Th1 and TH2 interact with B cell via its MHC II who has BCR bound to toxins

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8
Q

Th1 and Th2’s effect on antigen specific B cell…..

A

Tells B cell to differentiate in plasma cell, essentially a factory that makes lots of secretory ig

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9
Q

Th17 activates….

A

1) fibroblasts

2) epithelial cells

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10
Q

Th1 provides protection against

A

intracellular pathogens

abberations lead to autoimmunity

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11
Q

Th2 provides protection against

A

extracellular pathogens

abberations lead to
1) asthma

2) allergies

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12
Q

Th17 protects against…

A

extraceullar pathogens

abberations lead to
autoimmunity

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13
Q

Th17 secretes…

A

IL-17

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14
Q

IL-17….

A

1) activates neutrophils
2) promotes inflammation
2) promotes autoimmune responses inhibited by Th1 and Th2

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15
Q

T reg cells act on….

A

immature dendritic cells

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16
Q

T reg cells act on and inhibit….

A

immature dendritic cells

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17
Q

Th1’s actions

A

1) lymphocyte growth
2) Mononuclear Phagocyte activation
3) IgG class switch
4) cytotoxicity

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18
Q

Th2

A

1) IgG, IgE, IgA class switch
2) inhibit Th1
3) stimulate B cell

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19
Q

Th2

A

1) IgG, IgE, IgA class switch
2) inhibit Th1
3) stimulate B cell

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20
Q

alpha-defensins aka

A

cryptdins

1) made by paneth cells at the base of the crypts in SMALL intestine

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21
Q

beta-defensins are made by….

A

epithelia

primarily in

1) respiratory
2) urogenital tracts
3) skin and tongue

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22
Q

Collectins aka

A

1) Surfactant proteins A
(acute phase protein)

2) Surfactant proteins D (acute phase protein)

bind and coat the surface of pathogens promoting their phagocytosis by macrophages

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23
Q

What do collectins do

A

SP-A and SP-D

coat pathogens to promote phagocytosis by macrophages

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24
Q

What are SP-A and SP-D and what’s their role

A

Surfactant Protein A
Surfactant Protein D

Belong to collectin family

acute phase protein

coat pathogen to promote phagocytosis by macrophages

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25
SP-A and SP-D aka
1) collectins family | 2) acute phase protein
26
Once......complement is activated all three outcomes are stimulated and they are.....
C3 Convertase 1) C3a C5a recruit 1) peptide mediators of inflammation 2) phagocyte recruitment 2) C3b opsonizes pathogens and bind to phagocyte receptors to promote phagocytosis (also need 5a) - REMOVAL of IMMUNE COMPELXES 3) C5b, C6-C9 formation MAC and lysis of pathogens/cell
27
*The type of innate immune reponse triggered.....
determines the type of adaptive immune response generated
28
PAMP receptors like the TLRs are expressed in different....
cellular compartments relevant to the LIFE CYCLE & MECHANISM of infection by different pathogens
29
Different signal transduction pathways lead to response effective against....
pathogen expressing conserved molecular pathogenic pattern
30
.......determines the type of ADAPTIVE immune response generated
The type of innate immune reponse
31
NO is generated from.... by the enzyme....
L-Arginine nitric oxide synthase
32
Three forms of NOS
eNOS: - need calcium - endothelial NOS nNOS - need calcium - neuronal NOS iNOS - inducible NOS - do NOT need calcium - regulated by transcriptional regulation - expression induced by TNF and other pro-inflammatory CYTOKINES
33
Nitric Oxide is
1) potent vasodilator 2) REduces platelet aggregation 3) inhibits mast cell inflammation 4) microbial 5) reduce leukocyte adhesion
34
Oxygen derived free radicle is dependent on activation of .....
NADPH oxidative system
35
List 3 oxygen derived free radicles
1) superoxide anion production 2) hydrogen peroxide 3) hydroxyl radical
36
Oxygen derived radicals interact with.....
nitric oxide to produce cytotoxic reactive nitrogen intermediates
37
list 6 phagocytes mechanisms to kill pathogen
1) acidification - bacteriostatic - bactericidal 2) Toxic oxygen-derived products 3) Toxic nitrogen oxides 4) defensin and cationic proteins 5) lysozyme dissovles gram positive bacteria's cell wall. Acid hydrolases further digests bacteria 6) Lactoferrin (binds Fe) and vitamin B12-binding protein act as competitors
38
5 cytokines and chemokines that macrophage secretes
1) IL-1B - activates vascular endothelium - activates lymphocytes - local tissue desctruction - increases access of effector cells Systemic effects - fever - production of IL-6 2) TNF-alpha - activates vascular endothelium - increases vascular permeability leading to increased entry of IgG, complement, and cells to tissues - increase fluid drainage to lymph nodes Systemic effects - fever - mobilization of metabolites - shock 3) IL-6 - lymphocyte activation - increased antibody production Systemic effects -induces acute-phase protein production 4) CXCL8 - chemotactic factor - recruits 1) neutrophils 2) basophils 3) t cells to site of infection 5) IL-12 - activates Nk cells - induces differentiation of CD4 T cells in Th1 cells
39
Activates NK cells | induces differentiation of Cd4 T cells into TH1 cells
IL-12
40
Systemic effects - fever - mobilization of metabolites - shock
TNF-alpha
41
Sytemic Effects - fever - induces acute-phase protein production
IL-6
42
Sytemic effects - fever - production of IL-6
IL-1beta
43
Cytokines have ..... and .....actions in directing immunity
local & Systemic
44
Local effects - lymphocyte activation - increased ab production
IL-6
45
Local effects - activates vascular endothelium - increases vascular permeability leading to increased entry of IgG, complement, and cells to tissues - increased fluid drainage to lymph nodes
TNF-alpha
46
Local effects - activates vascular endothelium - activates lymphocytes - local tissue destruction - increase access of effector cells
IL-1Beta
47
CXCL8 local effects
1) chemotactic factor | 2) recruite neutrophil, basophil, and T cells to site of infection
48
local effects - activates NK cells - induces differentiation of CD4 to Th1 cells
IL-12
49
TH17 cells enhance.....
NEUTROPHIL RESPONSE
50
IL-1/IL-6/TNF-alpha's effect on hypothalamus
1) increase body temperature
51
IL-1/IL-6/TNF-alpha effect on Fat, muscle
1) protein & energy mobilization to allow increased body temperature
52
What cytokine activates NK cells?
IL-12
53
What chemokine is a chemotactic factor that recruits neutrophils, basophils, and T cells to infection?
CXCL8
54
TNF-alpha stimulates.....cells migration to......
DENDRITIC CELLS migration to LYMPH NODES to ACTIVATE ADAPTIVE RESPONSE
55
A patient has a defect that compromises their macrophages's ability to produce IL-12 what are the effects of this....
- decrease activation of NK | - low Th1 cells, since CD4 can't differentiate into TH1 cells
56
What cytokine increases antibody production and lymphocyte activation?
IL-6
57
Activation of macrophages by bacterial components leads to production of pro-inflammatory cytokines invoved in systemic defense which has to the potential for something bad....
systemic septic shock
58
What cytokine helps with CD4 T cells differentiating into Th1 cells?
IL-12
59
List five acute phase proteins
1) Mannose Binding Lectin 2) fibrinogen 3) SP-A, SP-D 4) SAP 5) CRP
60
............and...........are inducible in many cell types
IFN-alpha & IFN-Beta
61
TLR3 recognizes....
dsRNA
62
dsRNA is NOT generally found in mammalian cells
True
63
..........and..........interfere with viral replication
IFN-alpha and IFN-beta
64
...........and.......activate NK cells that produce IFN-gamma
IFN-alpha and IFN-beta
65
.......is a strong inducer of IFN synthesis
TLR3
66
How are infected cells able to help their neighbor cells resist infection?
Infected cells activated by their OWN TLR3 induces IFN synthesis providing protection to neighboring cells
67
IFN alpha and IFN beta list 3 things
1) induce resistance to viral replication in all cells 2) Increase MHC I expression and ag presentation in all cells 3) activate NK cells to kill virus-infected cells
68
CD4 Th1 cells activate infected... and provide help to.....for......production
INFECTED MACROPHAGES help B cells for ANTIBODY PRODUCTION
69
CD4 TH2 cells aid .....for.....production ESPECIALLY switching to Immuno globulin....
B cells ANTIBODY PRODUCTION IgE
70
TH2 CD4 T cell responses support ......
antibody development
71
what influnces Ig isotype produced?
CYTOKINE
72
.....and......are effective for.....
neutralizing bacterial toxins PROTECTS CELL FROM PATHOGEN's toxic secretions/byproducts
73
IgG and IgA antibodies can inhibit bacterial infectivity by blocking.........
CELLUAR ADHESION
74
T/F CD8 T cells can selectively kill infected cells without damaging neighboring cells
True
75
cytotoxic T cells 3 protein granules
1) perforin aids in delivering granules' contents into the CYTOPLASM of target cell 2) serine proteases activate apoptosis once in CYTOPLASM 3) Granulysin - antimicrobial action and INDUCE APOPTOSIS
76
NK is triggered by ........and...........
1) expression of stress/viral proteins | 2) abscence of MHC I inhibitory signals
77
What inhibits NK killing?
EXPRESSION OF MHC I
78
What's the cell's solution for pathogens that decrease MHC I expression?
increased NK killing since MHC I isn't there to inhibit it
79
Why doesn't NK kill normal cell?
Normal Cell has MHC I expressed on surface deliverying inhibitory signals to NK
80
.......or.......cannot stimulate negative signal in NK. NK is triggered by signals from activating receptors
Altered MHC I or ABSENT MHC I
81
NK's effect on affected cell
Granules released induces APOPTOSIS on infected cell
82
Ig.... exists as a pentamer
IgM
83
The only Ig that passes through a placenta
IgG
84
initial early induced phase of reponses is characterized by
1) low affinity IgM 2) early source of pro-inflammatory cytokines 3) NO HYPERSOMATIC MUTATION, no isotype switching 4) no generation of memory cells
85
1) b Cell binds bacteria component adn receives IL-5 signal 2) B-1 secretes IgM anti-polysacchride ab 3) igM binds polysacchride capsule 4) activation of COMPLEMENT and removal bacteria
read
86
IgM can activate what... to remove bacteria
COMPLEMENT
87
Innate immune lymphocyte differ from those in adaptive part
true
88
List 3 innate like lymphocytes
1) B-1 Cells 2) Epithelial gamma:beta cells 3) NK T cells
89
B-1 cells make....and has ligands.....and cannot be.....
IgM NATURAL Antibody ligands NOT MHC assoc can NOT be boosted
90
Epithelial gamma:beta cells produce......and ligands are......and cannot be
Cytokines Rapidly ligands ARE MHC-IB associated can NOT be boosted
91
NK T cells......especially......and ligands are.....and cannot be
make cytokines Rapidly especially IFN-gamma Ligands ARE lipids bound to CD1d cannot be boosted
92
how is IgA trasnported into the gut lumen.....
through EPITHELIAL CELLS at the base of the CRYPTS
93
.......the dominant isotype protect the gut
IgA
94
Remember that.....imparts mucosal immunity
IgA
95
*.....does NOT stimulate complement
IgA
96
Deficiencies in IgA increase susceptibility to.....
mucosal infections
97
.....cannot substitute in efficent mucosal defense
IgG
98
*.....do NOT generate memory
Gamma delta T cells
99
Naive gamma delta T cells are.....immune T cells activated in the ......and NOT in........
INNATE EPITHELIA NOT LYMPH NODE
100
Describe the pathway to activating gamma/delta T cells
1) cells infected with bacteria produce STRESS INDUCED PROTEINS 2) infected cell expressed 2 atypical class I molecules known as MIC-A and MIC-B 3) gamma-delta T cells bearing NK receptor NKG2D bind to MIC-A and MIC-B 4) infected epithelial cell is killed via apoptosis and replaced by adj healthy cells
101
........of gamma:delta T cells bind to MIC-A and MIC-B
NKG2D
102
infected epithelial cells expressed 2 atypical class I molecules:
MIC-A MIC-B
103
alpha-defensins aka
cryptdins
104
alpha-defensins
cryptdins - made by PANETH cells at the base of the crypts in SMALL INTESTINE
105
beta-defensins
made by EPITHELIAL primarily in the 1) respiratory 2) urogenital tracts 3) skina dn tongue
106
Cathelicidin peptides are made by.....and .....
neutrophils epithelia
107
Surfactant proteins of the collectin family......and.....bind to and coat the sufaces of pathogens and promote phagocytosis by macrophages
SP-A and SP-D
108
gamma:delta cells
1) produce cytokines rapidly 2) ligands ARE MHC-IB associated 3) cannot be boosted
109
B-1 make....
1) natural ab protection against streptococcus penumoniae 2) ligands not MHC associated 3) cannot be boosted
110
NK T cells
1) make cytokines rapidly especially IFN-gamma 2) ligands are lipids bound to CD1d 3) cannote be boosted
111
....provides mucosal immunity
IgA
112
*....does NOT stimulate complement
IgA
113
deficiencies in.....increases susceptibility to mucosal infections
IgA
114
.....do NOT generate memory and are activated in the epithelia not in lymph node
gamma:delta T cell
115
things to remember about gamma:delta T cells
1) do not generate memory 2) MHC-IB associated 3) found in epithelia as opposed to lymph nodes 4) receptor NKG2D reacts to MIC-A and MIC-B protein
116
Neutrophils and epithelia make.....peptides
Cathelicidin
117
.........made by epithelial primarily in the respiratory, urogenital tracts, skin and tongue
B-defensins
118
......made by Paneth cells at the base of crypts in the small intestine
Alpha-defensins
119
.....bind to and coat the surfaces of pathogen to promote macrophage phagocytosis just like C3a
Surfactant protein- A (SP-A) Surfactant protein-B (SP-B)
120
.....and.....recruit phagocyte and peptide mediators of inflammation
C3a and C5a
121
....binds to complement receptors on phagocyte, promotes oposinization of pathoges, removal of immune complexes
C3b
122
membrane attack complex, lysis of certain pthogens and cells
C5b, C6, C7, C8, C9
123
What should we know about TLR3
1) TLR3 exist intracellularly in the ENDOSOME 2) activates NK cells producing IFN-gamma 3) STRONG inducer of IFN-alpha and IFN-Beta
124
what to know about IFN-alpha and IFN-beta
1) induce resistance to viral replication in ALL CELLS 2) INCREASE MHC class I expression and antigen presentation in ALL CELL 3) activate NK cells to kill virus-infected cells

Immune week 6 (8 decks)

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