microbial groups

Question 1

what kind of micro organisms are deemed large?-

Answer 1

Fungi,algae, protozoa

Question 2

which ones are deemed intermediate in size?

Answer 2

protozoa-single celled eukaryotes
algae- photosynthetic microorganisms that vary in size

Question 3

which ones are deemed smaller

Answer 3

Most bacteria
archaea
viruses
prions

Question 4

What aspects of the environment dictate what can grow where?

Answer 4

things of the environment like water availability, pH, human interaction, oxygen levels, light, temperature, etc

Question 5

describe bacteria

Answer 5

tiny and simple
cell walls made of peptidoglycan
can live almost anywhere
some helpful some harmful

Question 6

describe archaea

Answer 6

tiny and simple cells

Question 7

describe protists

Answer 7

more complex, like us
many types include algae and protozoa
some make food some eat other things
Have true nucleus

Question 8

describe algae

Answer 8

plant like protists
photosynthetic
mostly in water

Question 9

describe protozoa

Answer 9

one cell eukaryotes
animal like protists
eat other tiny bacteria

Question 10

describe fungi

Answer 10

multicellular
don’t make food absorb it
help break things down
can be helpful/harmful

Question 11

describe viruses

Answer 11

need a host to replicate
can cause diseases

Question 12

what’s another word for organisms that can cause disease/illness?

Answer 12

pathogens

Question 13

what pathogens cause illness/disease?

Answer 13

bacteria, viruses, fungi, protozoa, parasites

Question 14

why should we care about these pathogens and them causing illness

Answer 14

it can effect the population in a negative manner

Question 15

what is magnification?

Answer 15

making something look bigger than what it is.

Question 16

what is total magnification?

Answer 16

the combination of the eye piece magnification and the objective lens

Question 17

what is illumination?

Answer 17

lighting up something to be seen

Question 18

what is resolution?

Answer 18

ability to see fine details in image, basically how sharp/clear something is

Question 19

what is resolving power?

Answer 19

measure of how well a microscope or camera can distinguish between two closely spaced objects.

Question 20

what is staining?

Answer 20

adding color to make smaller things in biology easier to see.

Question 21

If the resolving power is 200 nm (.2 micrometers), can I resolve two items 100 nm apart?

Answer 21

no, ideally you need the objects distance to be higher than the resolving power. In this case distance needs to be <200

Question 22

what is cell theory?

Answer 22

all living things are made of cells, and the basic unit of structure.

Question 23

what scientists help discover cell theory

Answer 23

Robert Hooke, Matthias Schleiden, Theodor Schwann, and Rudolf Virchow,

Question 24

one key researcher in spontaneous generation was Francesco Redi what did he find

Answer 24

worked with an experiment with covered meat to see if maggots would appear he helped disprove spontaneous generation1

Question 25

a key researcher of spontaneous generation Antoine van Leeuwenhoek did what?

Answer 25

helped develop microscopes to see tiny microorganisms

Question 26

a key researcher in spontaneous generation was Lazzaro Spallanzani what did he do

Answer 26

boiled liquids and sealed them to counter the idea of spontaneous generation

Question 27

what did Louis Pasteur do for spontaneous generation

Answer 27

proved that microorganisms could not appear in sterile broth if it remained sealed.

Question 28

what did John Tyndall do for spontaneous generation

Answer 28

showed there were heat resistant microbial heat spores

Question 29

simply what is endosymbiosis

Answer 29

simple cells and tinier cells working together to become a more complex cell

Question 30

simply explain generalized prokaryote

Answer 30

structured like a small simple cell does not have a nucleus. it does have a cell wall, cytoplasm, cell membrane, DNA, ribosomes

Question 31

Membrane (bacteria vs archaea vs eukaryote ) differences

Answer 31

the archaea have a monolayer unlike the others with a bilayer. the bacteria has a bilayer and cell wall made of peptidoglycan eukaryotes have a bilayer but do not have a peptidoglycan layer, instead can be covered by chitin or cellulose

Question 32

key things about gram + cell walls

Answer 32

thick peptidoglycan layer in cell wall and no cell membrane

Question 33

key things about gram - cell walls

Answer 33

-thinner peptidoglycan layer compared to Gram-positives. This peptidoglycan cell wall s between an inner and outer membrane the cell wall is in the periplasm space

Question 34

acid fast bacteria

Answer 34

has a thick cell wall and has mycolic acid making it more resistant to stains

Question 35

what does Glycocalyx do for the bacterial cell?

Answer 35

its like a sugary coating, it can be loose and helps with sticking to surfaces

Question 36

what does slime layer do for bacteria?

Answer 36

it is slimy and helps bacteria stick and protects them

Question 37

what does capsule layer do for bacteria?

Answer 37

tightly packed sugary layer that is like a shield making bacteria dangerous

Question 38

what is the external structure of the s-layer like?

Answer 38

like a bullet proof vest

Question 39

what externa structure does flagellum have

Answer 39

whip like structure to help movement by propelling

Question 40

external structure of fimbriae

Answer 40

little hair like structures to help bacteria grab onto surfaces

Question 41

external structure of Pili

Answer 41

similar to fimbriae, longer but fewer hair like structures that seem like hooks

Question 42

explain internal structure of nucleoid

Answer 42

less complex and dna is in a long string in a way not chain like in the nuclei

Question 43

what do ribosomes do?

Answer 43

make proteins

Question 44

what structures are always there

Answer 44

cell membrane, ribosomes, cytoplasm, nucleoid

Question 45

differences in g+ and g- cell wall

Answer 45

g+ have a thicker peptidoglycan layer

Question 46

difference in g+ and g- membrane

Answer 46

g- has an outer membrane

Question 47

g+ and g- capsule

Answer 47

g+ can have a capsule but less common in comparison to g- capsule which is there to evade immune system

Question 48

which one has a periplasm the space between the inner and outer membrane g- or g+?

Answer 48

g-

Question 49

internal structure of the nuclear membrane explain

Answer 49

protective shell around the nucleus and it has tiny opening to allow certain things to pass

Question 50

explain the internal layer of nucleus

Answer 50

there is the nuclear envelope controlling what comes in and out the nucleus including the chromatin holding dna and nucleoli for protein synthesis

Question 51

structure of smooth/rough ER

Answer 51

Rough ER makes proteins and the smooth ER deals with lipid

Question 52

explain the golgi

Answer 52

receives proteins and moves it to the proper place within or outside the cell`

Question 53

simply explain motility mechanisms

Answer 53

help movement

Question 54

what is usually always present

Answer 54

cell membrane, cytoplasm, ribosomes, and genetic material

Question 55

what is variable

Answer 55

cell walls, nuclear membrane, organelles, flagella and cilia , pili and fimbriae

Question 56

what are plants cell walls made of?

Answer 56

cellulose

Question 57

what are fungi cell walls made of

Answer 57

chitin