Microbial Growth

Question 1

Heterotroph

Answer 1

A microorganism that requires and external source of nutrition

Question 2

Ectoparasite

Answer 2

A parasite that lives on the outside of the body.
ecto = outside
example: lice

Question 3

Endoparasite

Answer 3

a parasite that lives in the organs and tissues of its host
endo = inside
example: tapeworms

Question 4

Intracellular parasite

Answer 4

A parasite that lives within the cells of its host
intra = extra inside
example: malaria lives inside of an infected host’s red blood cells

Question 5

Obligate parasite

Answer 5

a parasite that can only live and reproduce within the body or cells of its host
they are unable to grow outside of a host
example: virus

Question 6

Parasite

Answer 6

any microorganism that lives/derives its nutrients off a host
also called a pathogen

Question 7

Minimum growth temperature

Answer 7

The lowest temperature that permits a microbes continued growth
the growth rate will not be enough to cause an infection

Question 8

optimal growth temperature

Answer 8

the best temperature that promotes rapid cell growth

the temperature where a microorganism with most likely cause an infection

Question 9

maximum growth temperature

Answer 9

the highest temperature that growth can proceed with

the growth rate will not be enough to cause an infection

Question 10

Psychrophile

Answer 10

a cold loving microbe
they cannot grow over 20 C
example: listeria, the microorganism lives and rapidly reproduces at fridge temperatures. the reason that lettuce etc. gets recalled
psychro = psycho because they love the cold

Question 11

Mesophile

Answer 11

a microbe that grows in moderate temperatures
most mesophiles grow optimally at 37 C or normal human body temperature
mesophiles cause disease in humans and animals
meso = moderate

Question 12

Thermophile

Answer 12

a heat loving microbe
they cannot grow below 50 C
they won’t cause disease in humans
thermo = thermos, keeps things HOT

Question 13

hyperthermophile

Answer 13

a thermophile that will only grow above 100 C

grows at and above the boiling point of water

Question 14

obligate aerobe

Answer 14

a microorganism that NEEDS to have oxygen to live.

example: humans, humans cannot live without oxygen

Question 15

obligate anaerobe

Answer 15

a microorganism that CANNOT be exposed to oxygen otherwise it will die

Question 16

Facultative anaerobe

Answer 16

a microbe that doesn’t require oxygen for its metabolism although it does benefit with oxygen present

Question 17

catalase

Answer 17

an enzyme that breaks down H2O2 (hydrogen peroxide) to H20 and O2 gas.

This enzyme is present is aerobes and facultative anaerobes because hydrogen peroxide is a toxic byproduct of cellular reactions that oxygen enters.

catalase = catalyst = enzyme

Question 18

acidophile

Answer 18

an organism that grows in acidic environments

pH is below 7

Question 19

diffusion

Answer 19

the movement of molecules from a high concentration to a low concentration until the concentration is equal on both sides of the cell membrane

this is a passive and spontaneous process meaning it does not require energy and happens naturally

diffusion goes with the concentration gradient

Question 20

osmosis

Answer 20

the diffusion of water

Question 21

semipermeable membrane

Answer 21

all cell membranes are semipermeable

a membrane where some molecules can pass automatically but other molecules cannot pass freely.

small molecules like water and salt typically pass freely while larger molecules like proteins and carbohydrates cannot

Question 22

solute

Answer 22

anything suspended in a solution

the most common solutes are salts and sugars

Question 23

Concentration gradient

Answer 23

a separation of solute where on one side of a semipermeable membrane the concentration is high and on the other side the solute concentration is low

essentially the difference in concentration between a high area and a low area.

Question 24

osmophile

Answer 24

an organism that lives in environments with a high solute concentration

Question 25

halophile

Answer 25

an organism that prefers to live in a high concentration of salt

Question 26

facilitated diffusion

Answer 26

a type of diffusion where large compounds go through specific membrane channels. facilitated diffusion is still a passive process that goes with the concentration gradient

Question 27

active transport

Answer 27

transport that occurs against the concentration gradient meaning the flow is from low concentration to high concentration this is an active process that requires ATP

Question 28

Phagocytosis

Answer 28

when a cell engulfs either solid or liquid material an active process

Question 29

endocytosis

Answer 29

a type of phagocytosis cell eating the cells uses its membrane to ingest solid material

Question 30

pinocytosis

Answer 30

a type of phagocytosis cell drinking when a cell ingests liquid

Question 31

symbiosis

Answer 31

a situation where two organisms live together in a close relationship

Question 32

mutualism

Answer 32

a beneficial symbiotic relationship :) organisms live in an obligatory but mutually beneficial relationship

Question 33

commensalism

Answer 33

a relationship where one organism receives a benefit but the other is neither harmed nor benefited :/ "just chilling"

Question 34

parasitism

Answer 34

a relationship where one organism lives at the expensive of the other :( the host provides the parasite with nutrients and a habitat while the parasite contributes nothing to the host

Question 35

synergism

Answer 35

a relationship between two or more organisms that benefits them both but is not obligatory for their survival 2 things have an additive effect but are just fine without each other

Question 36

microbial antagonism

Answer 36

when bacterial species fight for nutrition and space. competition prevents bacteria from overgrowing and causing infection

Question 37

normal/resident flora

Answer 37

microbes that normally live on and inside of you more or less permanent residents of your body

Question 38

binary fission

Answer 38

the bacterial reproduction process bacteria make an exact copy of themselves

Question 39

generation/doubling time

Answer 39

the time it takes to complete one fission cycle

Question 40

What is the optimum pH range for most microorganisms?

Answer 40

6-8

Question 41

Explain why using catalase as a protective measure against poisoning by hydrogen peroxide is deadly to an obligate anaerobe

Answer 41

the end product of the reaction catalyzed by catalase produced oxygen. obligate anaerobes die after exposure to oxygen.

Question 42

Explain Isotonic

Answer 42

Isotonic has an equal movement of water in and out of the cell. The cell membrane is the ideal shape and it is at its maximum function

Question 43

Explain Hypotonic

Answer 43

With a hypotonic situation there is more solute INSIDE the cell than outside. Water flow inside the cell exceeds water flow out of the cell. Water wants to enter the cell to dilute the solute. The cell will become swollen and eventually burst or lyse. in terms of the solutions... hypo = less -> less solute in the solution

Question 44

Explain Hypertonic

Answer 44

With a hypertonic situation there is more solute on the OUTSIDE of the cell. Water flow out of the cell exceeds water flow into the cell. The cell membrane becomes distorted and shriveled. The cell membrane loses function as the cell crinkles in terms of the solutions... hyper = more -> more solute in the solution

Question 45

Bacterial growth curve: Lag Phase

Answer 45

first stage in the curve. flat line near the bottom of the graph. cells are adjusting to the new environment it has entered cells are not reproducing at their maximum rate

Question 46

Bacterial growth curve: Exponential Growth

Answer 46

second stage in the curve. rising line on a steep slope. cells are at their maximum rate of division. The cells are in a favorable environment where there is lots of nutrients and a low amount of waste.

Question 47

Bacterial growth curve: Stationary Growth

Answer 47

third stage of the curve. the line has flattened near the top of the graph. Cell growth = cell death

Question 48

Bacterial growth curve: Death Phase

Answer 48

the fourth and final stage of the curve. the line decreases on a steep slope. Cells begin to die at an exponential rate The nutrients are gone and the waste has become toxic.