Microbial Growth Flashcards
(20 cards)
Metabolism
Energy
• Exergonic vs. Endergonic
• Anabolism vs. Catabolism
Catabolism
large molecules are broken down into smaller ones, releasing energy
Anabolism
small molecules are assembled into larger ones, using energy
Chemotrophs
Chemoautotophs
Chemical
Inorganic
Hydrogen, sulfur, iron, nitrogen, and carbon monoxide-oxidizing bacteria
Chemotrophs
Chemoheterotrophs
Chemical
Organic Compounds
All animals, most fungi, protozoa, and bacteria
Phototrophs
Photoautotrophs
Light
Inorganic
All plants, algae, Cyanobacteria, and green and purple sulfur bacteria
Phototrophs
Photohetertrophs
Light
Organic compounds
Green and purple nonsulfur bacteria, heliobacteria
Oxidation/Reduction reactions
OIL RIG
Electron Carriers
• NAD+/NADH
• NADP+/NADPH
• FAD/FADH2
Adenosine triphosphate
• Energy currency
Enzymes
• Act as catalysts
• Bind to substrates
• Lower activation energy
Cofactors and Coenzymes
Cofactors
• Inorganic ions
• Fe2+, Mg2+
Coenzymes
• Organic molecules
• Dietary vitamins
Aponenzyme
becomes active by binding of coenzyme or cofactor to enzyme.
Holoenzyme
is formed when associated cofactor or coenzyme binds to the enzyme’s active site.
Enzyme
Competitive inhibitors
• Bind to active site
• Must be equal to substrate concentration
Enzyme
Noncompetitive inhibitor
• aka: allosteric inhibitor
• Bind to allosteric site
• Change shape of active site
Feedback Inhibition
Control mechanism
• Positive and Negative
Glycolysis
Catabolism of Glucose
• Embden-Meyerhof-Parnas pathway
• Substrate level phosphorylation
Net Gain
• Two ATP
• Two NADH
• Two pyruvate
Other pathways
•Entner-Doudoroff pathway
• Pentose phosphate pathway
Transition Reaction
• Pyruvate -> Acetyl group
• Catalyzed by pyruvate dehydrogenase
The Krebs Cycle
AKA: The Citric Acid Cycle
• Closed pathway
Net output per turn
• Two CO2
• Three NADH
• One FADH
• One ATP
Two turns per Glucose
Electron Transport System
Oxidative phosphorylation
• Majority of ATP production
Location
• Cell membrane of prokaryotes
• Mitochondrial membrane of eukaryotes
Aerobic & Anaerobic
Chemiosmosis
• Flow of hydrogen lons
• ATP synthase
