Microbial Infection

Question 1

What are the five main types of infectious agents?

Answer 1

Viruses, fungi, helminths, Protozoa and prokaryotes

Question 2

What is the definition of a virus?

Answer 2

A obligate parasite

Question 3

How do viruses reproduce?

Answer 3

By infecting a host cell and using their nuclear synthetic macheinery

Question 4

What can viruses infect?

Answer 4

All life forms, including other bacteria

Question 5

What type of cell is a virus?

Answer 5

They are not cells in their own right

Question 6

What type of cells are bacteria?

Answer 6

Prokaryotes

Question 7

What type of organisms are fungi?

Answer 7

Eukaryotes - Single cell

Question 8

What type of organisms are protozoa?

Answer 8

Eukaryotes - single cells

Question 9

What type of organisms are helminths?

Answer 9

Eukaryotes - multicellular

Question 10

What type of genetic material do viruses contain?

Answer 10

RNA or DNA

Question 11

How do viruses divide? - 2

Answer 11

By budding out of the host cell or by cytolysis

Question 12

What are the four routes of infection that viruses can show?

Answer 12

Faecal-oral, airborn, insect vectors, blood borne

Question 13

What is an example of a virus and what type of genetic matter does it have?

Answer 13

HIV - Is a retrovirus so has RNA

Question 14

What do RNA genomes require in order to replicate?

Answer 14

Reverse transcriptase enzyme

Question 15

what is the difference between eukaryotes and prokaryotes?

Answer 15

Prokaryotes do not have internal membranes and therefore do not have membrane bound organelles

Question 16

Which bacteria has membrane bound organelles despite being a prokaryote?

Answer 16

Photosynthetic bacteria

Question 17

What is the genetic makeup of a prokaryotic organism?

Answer 17

Haploid - single copy of chromosome

Question 18

What is the difference in cytoskeleton between eukaryotes and prokaryotes?

Answer 18

Prokaryotes cytoskeleton = poorly defined.
Eukaryotic cells = well developed cytoskeleton

Question 19

What does the prokaryote cell wall contain?

Answer 19

Peptidoglycan

Question 20

How do prokaryotes divide?

Answer 20

Binary fission

Question 21

What structure of bacteria allows them to move?

Answer 21

Flagellum

Question 22

How does Shigella spread?

Answer 22

Faecal-oral transmission

Question 23

How does shigella spread from cell to cell?

Answer 23

Using host cell actin

Question 24

Which bacteria causes meningitis?

Answer 24

Neisseria Meningitidis - when it infects the CSF

Question 25

What is the result of septicaemia on the body?

Answer 25

Septic shock and a severe inflammatory response

Question 26

Which bacteria are commonly responsible for hospital acquired infections?

Answer 26

Clostridium difficile | Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus Aureus

Question 27

Which bacteria causes peptic ulcers and gastric cancer?

Answer 27

Helicobacter pylori

Question 28

How is mycobacterium tuberculosis spread?

Answer 28

Airborne

Question 29

How do bacteria evolve so quickly?

Answer 29

They have similar mutation rates to humans, however have a much shorter generation time - therefore reproduce much more often, so more mutations when the generation time is shorter

Question 30

what are mucosal mycoses?

Answer 30

A fungal infection of the oral mucosa

Question 31

what are cutaneous mycoses?

Answer 31

superficial fungal infections of the skin, hair or nails

Question 32

What three types of conditions can fungi cause - 3

Answer 32

Cuteanous, Mucosal or systemic mycoses

Question 33

How do fungi occur as? - 2

Answer 33

Yeasts, filaments or both

Question 34

How do yeasts replicate?

Answer 34

They bud or divide

Question 35

What is an example of an infectious fungi?

Answer 35

CANDIDA ALBICANS

Question 36

What are two characteristic features of filaments?

Answer 36

They have cross walls or septa

Question 37

How do protozoa replicate? - 2

Answer 37

replicate in the host by binary fission OR by formation of trophozoites inside a cell

Question 38

How is a protozoa infection acquired?

Answer 38

infection is acquired by ingestion or through a vector

Question 39

How many hosts does the protozoa life cycle involve?

Answer 39

2

Question 40

Where can protozoa pathogens be found? - 3

Answer 40

intestines, blood and tissue

Question 41

How does the pathogen which causes malaria replicate?

Answer 41

Forms trophozoites inside the host cell

Question 42

How is Malaria infection acquired?

Answer 42

Thrugh a mosquito vector

Question 43

What is the malaria belt?

Answer 43

The belt around the equator line in which the incidence of malaria is the highest - corresponds with high temperatures

Question 44

What condition does Leishmania species cause?

Answer 44

LEISHMANIASIS

Question 45

How is Leishmaniasis infection acquired?

Answer 45

Via sandfly vector

Question 46

what are trophozoites

Answer 46

a growing stage in the life cycle of some sporozoan parasites, when they are absorbing nutrients from the host.

Question 47

How does the Leishmania species replicate to cause Leishmaniasis?

Answer 47

Formation of trophozoites inside a cell

Question 48

What are three exmples of helminths?

Answer 48

Roundwords Flatworms Tapeworms

Question 49

What type of transmission do helminths exhibit?

Answer 49

Faecal-oral transmission

Question 50

Which bacterial pathogen are metazoa?

Answer 50

Helminths - multicellular

Question 51

What type of worm are flukes?

Answer 51

Flat worms

Question 52

What disease do flukes cause?

Answer 52

Schistosomiasis