Microbial Metabolism

Question 1

Anabolism(Biosynthesis)

Answer 1

Building up

Requires energy input

Question 2

Catabolism

Answer 2

Breakdown of bonds

Release of energy

Question 3

Functions of Metabolism

Answer 3

Builds small molecules into larger ones for cell
Breaks down large molecules into smaller ones releasing energy
Energy is conserved or released in the form of ATP

Question 4

Enzymes

Answer 4

Proteins that facilitate chemical reactions

Increase the rate of chemical reactions without becoming part of the product or consumed in the reaction

Question 5

Activation Energy

Answer 5

The amount of energy required to initiate a chemical reaction

Question 6

What happens when enzymes die?

Answer 6

Metabolism shuts down

ex: high fever

Question 7

What does ATPase do?

Answer 7

An enzyme used to break ATP

Question 8

What does ATP synthase do?

Answer 8

An enzyme used to build ATP

Question 9

Inorganic Cofactors

Answer 9

Usually metals

Include Fe, Cu, Mg, Mn, Zn, Co, Se

Question 10

Cofactors

Answer 10

Often required for specific enzymes to function properly

Question 11

Organic Cofactors

Answer 11

Coenzymes

Usually derived from vitamins

Question 12

Where does NAD come from?

Answer 12

Vitamin B-3

Question 13

Where does FAD come from?

Answer 13

Vitamin B-2

Question 14

Dehydration Synthesis Reaction

Answer 14

Remove water to break bond

Question 15

Hydrolosis

Answer 15

Add water to make bond

Question 16

Oxidation

Answer 16

Gains an oxygen atom or the loss of a hydrogen atom

Loss of an electron

Question 17

Reduction

Answer 17

Loss of an oxygen atom and the gaining of the hydrogen atom

Gaining of an electron

Question 18

How many electrons does NADH have?

Answer 18

one

Question 19

How many electrons does FADH2 have?

Answer 19

two

Question 20

Most of the time what is the final electron acceptor?

Answer 20

Oxygen

Question 21

What factors affect enzyme activity?

Answer 21

Temperature
pH
Osmotic Pressure
Cofactors
Enzyme Inhibitors

Question 22

Temperature- High Temp

Answer 22

Reaction takes place too quickly resulting in useless products
If too high– permanently destroys the enzyme

Question 23

Temperature- Lower Temp

Answer 23

The reaction is too slow resulting in an insufficient amount of product

Question 24

pH

Answer 24

pH range- 5-8 (slightly basic or slightly acidic)

High or low pH result in useless product

Question 25

Osmotic Pressure

Answer 25

Most enzymes prefer isotonic or hypotonic environments | Hypertonic environments result in useless product

Question 26

Cofactors

Answer 26

Non-protein factors Must have cofactor for enzymes to work No cofactor= non-functioning enzyme=no product

Question 27

Enzyme Inhibitors

Answer 27

Chemicals that inhibit enzyme function Could be reversible ex: ATP Could be irreversible ex: penicillin

Question 28

Competitive

Answer 28

Compete with enzyme for binding/activation site | "Blocks the lock"

Question 29

Non-competitive

Answer 29

Bind to other places, but change the shape of the binding/activation site "Changes the lock"

Question 30

What pathway do heterotrophs use?

Answer 30

Catabolic pathway

Question 31

What pathway do phototrophs use?

Answer 31

Sunlight-driven pathway

Question 32

Aerobic Respiration

Answer 32

Convert glucose to Co2 and allows the cell to recover significant amounts of energy

Question 33

Anaerobic Respiration

Answer 33

Does not use molecular oxygen as the final electron acceptor Same as aerobic just without oxygen

Question 34

Fermentation

Answer 34

The incomplete oxidation of glucose or other carbs in the absence of oxygen Uses organic compounds as final electron acceptor and yields small amount of ATP (ALWAYS 2) Proceeds glycolysis when O2 is absent

Question 35

Glycolysis

Answer 35

``` Splitting of glucose Anaerobic process 6 Carbon Glucose--> 2 3 Carbon pyruvate 2 ATP are used 4 ATP are produced (net gain of 2) 2 NADH are produced ```

Question 36

Pre-Krebs

Answer 36

``` Pyruvate to acetyl CoA Occurs twice (one time for each pyruvate) 2 O2 total 2 CO2 total 2 NADH No ATP No FADH2 ```

Question 37

Krebs Cycle

Answer 37

``` Occurs twice (one time for each Acetyl CoA 2 ATP 2FADH2 4 CO2 total 6 NADH ```

Question 38

Electron Transport Chain (ETC)

Answer 38

Series of redox reactions 30 ATP from NADH 4 from FADH2 O2 is the final electron acceptor

Question 39

What fuels the pump in the ETC?

Answer 39

Electrons

Question 40

How many ATP molecules can NADH produce?

Answer 40

3 ATP

Question 41

How many ATP can FADH2 produce?

Answer 41

2 ATP

Question 42

How many CO2 is produced during prekrebs and krebs?

Answer 42

6 CO2 molecules

Question 43

Alcoholic Fermentation

Answer 43

2 net ATP CO2 alcohol(usually ethanol)

Question 44

Acidic Fermentation

Answer 44

2 net ATP | Acid such as lactic acide or butyric acid

Question 45

Chlorophylls

Answer 45

Absorb solar energy & use to energize e- Found in plants, algae, and cyanobacteria Involved in oxygenic photosynthesis

Question 46

Bacteriophylls

Answer 46

Absorb solar energy & use to energize e- Found in purple & green bacteria Involved in anoxygenic photosynthesis

Question 47

Cyclic Pathway

Answer 47

Anoxygenic Used to create ATP only Energized electron comes from chlorophyll itself

Question 48

Non-cyclic Pathway

Answer 48

Oxygenic Used to create ATP, NADH, & O2 Excited electron from an outside source ex: H2O

Question 49

Calvin Cycle ( Dark Reaction)

Answer 49

convert CO2 to an organic molecule (usually sugar) | No sunlight= no energy