Microbial Nutrition

Question 1

Bacteria needs

Answer 1

CHONPS
Carbon
Hydrogen
Oxygen
Nitrogen
Potassium
Sulfur

Question 2

How is bacteria categorized based on their C content?

Answer 2

• inorganic- CO2

- organic- C6H12O6

Question 3

Heterotrophs

Answer 3

• means “other eater”
• organic C
• nutritionally dependent on other living things

Question 4

Autotrophs

Answer 4

• inorganic C

- not nutritionally dependent on other living things

Question 5

Primary N source for heterotrophs?

Answer 5

Proteins, DNA, RNA

Question 6

Chemotroph

Answer 6

Uses organic molecules

Question 7

Phototroph

Answer 7

Uses light energy

Question 8

Saprobes

Answer 8

• decomposers
• must have rigid cell wall
• release digestive enzymes to digest particles into smaller molecules before absorbing

Question 9

Parasites

Answer 9

• pathogens
• ectoparasites-live ON the body
• endoparasites-live IN the body
• intracellular parasites-live in cells
• obligate parasites- unable to live outside of living host

Question 10

Diffusion

Answer 10

Move from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration until equally distributed.

Question 11

Osmosis

Answer 11

Diffusion of H2O through a selectively permeable membrane

Question 12

Isotonic

Answer 12

No change in cell volume

Question 13

Hypotonic

Answer 13

Cell will burst (lysis)

Question 14

Hypertonic

Answer 14

Cell will shrivel and sink

Question 15

Facilitated diffusion

Answer 15

• protein carrier is used and no energy is required

- movement down concentration gradient

Question 16

Active transport

Answer 16

• protein carrier and energy required

- movement against concentration gradient

Question 17

Endocytosis

Answer 17

• substances are engulfed into the cell
• phagocytosis-engulf cells or particles
• pinocytosis-engulf liquids

Question 18

Exocytosis

Answer 18

Package and release of substance from a cell

Question 19

Psychrophile

Answer 19

Optimum below 15C

Freezing cold loving

Question 20

Psychotroph

Answer 20

Optimum 15-30C
Grow slowly
Cold loving

Question 21

Mesophile

Answer 21

Between 20-40C

Inhibit humans, animals, and plants

Question 22

Thermophile

Answer 22

Above 45C

Heat loving

Question 23

Extremethermophile

Answer 23

120C and above

Very hot loving

Question 24

Aerobes

Answer 24

• use O2 in metabolism

- possess the enzymes needed to process toxic O2 byproducts

Question 25

Obligate aerobes

Answer 25

Cannot grow without O2

Question 26

Anaerobes

Answer 26

Lack the enzymes for using O2 in respiration

Question 27

Obligate anaerobes

Answer 27

Do not grow in O2 | Will die if exposed to it

Question 28

Facultative anaerobes

Answer 28

Aerobes that do not require O2 for metabolism and can grow in the absence of it.

Question 29

Aerotolerant anaerobes

Answer 29

Do not utilize O2 but can grow to a limited extent in its presence

Question 30

Capnophile

Answer 30

Grow best at higher CO2 concentrations than is normally present in the atmosphere

Question 31

Osmophiles

Answer 31

Live in habitats with high solute concentrations

Question 32

Halophiles

Answer 32

Prefer high concentrations of salt

Question 33

Obligate halophiles

Answer 33

Grow optimally in solutions of 25% salt but require at least 9% salt for growth

Question 34

Facultative halophiles

Answer 34

Resistant to salt | Don’t normally reside in high salt environments

Question 35

Barophiles

Answer 35

Deep sea microbes | Exist under hydrostatic pressure ranging from a few times-1,000 times the pressure of the atmosphere

Question 36

Symbiosis

Answer 36

Two organisms that live together | Members of the symbiosis are called symbions

Question 37

Mutualism

Answer 37

Both symbions benefit from the relationship Ex. A rhino with a bird on its back -bird is the eyes for the rhino and the rhino lets the bird dwell and eat the bugs off of it.

Question 38

Commensalism

Answer 38

One symbion benefits while the other does not benefit or is harmed -satellitism- the one benefitted by the relationship protects the other symbion from harm.

Question 39

Parasitism

Answer 39

One symbion benefits and the other is harmed | -host can develop immunity to the parasitic attack and can move from parasitism to commensalism and even mutualism

Question 40

Antagonism

Answer 40

Between free-living organisms that arise when members of a community compete - antibiotics-made from fungus kill off viruses for space - when microbes do this to each other it’s called antibiosis

Question 41

Synergism

Answer 41

Between free-living organisms that benefits them but is not necessary for their survival - normal microbiota - biofilm-quorum sensing- release chemicals as population grows to monitor size

Question 42

Growth takes place on two levels

Answer 42

1. Individual cell increases in size | 2. Number of cells in a population increases

Question 43

Binary fission

Answer 43

- asexual division - parent cell enlarges - chromosomes are duplicated - cell envelope pulls together in the center of the cell to form a septum - cell divides into 2 daughter cells

Question 44

Generation/doubling time

Answer 44

- time for a complete fission cycle - increases population by 2x - a measurement of the growth rate - growth pattern is exponential