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MICRB 320 > Microbial physiology, Nutrient Cycles, and Biogeochemistry > Flashcards

Microbial physiology, Nutrient Cycles, and Biogeochemistry Flashcards

1
Q

What are energy sources

A

Light, organic chemical, and inorganic chemicals

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2
Q

What is electron source

A

Inorganic or organic

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3
Q

What is a carbon source

A

CO2 or organic

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4
Q

What is an electron acceptor

A

Aerobic or anaerobic

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5
Q

What are nutrient sources

A

N2 fixation and Iron acquisition

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6
Q

What are some lifestyles

A

Free-living vs. Attached/Biofilm
Sporulation
Saprotrophic, parasitic, mutualistic fungi

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7
Q

What are the Carbon, Hydrogen, Nitrogen, Phosphorus, and Sulphur macronutrients

A

The building blocks of the cell: proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids

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8
Q

What are the potassium and sodium macronutrients

A

Important in membrane transport

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9
Q

What are the calcium and magnesium macronutrients

A

Constituents of cell wall polymers

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10
Q

What is magnesium macronutrients

A

Important in enzymatic functions

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11
Q

What is iron in macronutrients

A

Constituent of cytochromes and iron-sulfur proteins

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12
Q

What is Nitrification

A

Oxidation of NH3 to NO2- then to NO3

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13
Q

What is sulfur oxidation

A

Oxidation of H2S to SO4 via multiple intermediate steps. Produces large amounts of acid

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14
Q

What is iron oxidation

A

Oxidation of Fe2+ to Fe3+. Changes the solubility of iron, can lead to formation of oxygen radials.

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15
Q

What are the kinds of anaerobic respiration

A

Nitrate reduction (denitrification, anammox)
Metal reduction
Sulfate reduction
CO2 reduction (methanogenesis or homoacetogenesis)

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16
Q

What is necessary for nitrogen fixation

A
  1. Reduction of nitrogen gas (N2) to ammonia (NH3) by the enzyme nitrogenase - very O2 sensitive
  2. Life as we know it depends on the rapid cycling of nitrogen into biologically available forms
  3. Only prokaryotes do it: Free-living aerobes, free-living anaerobes and symbiotic bacteria
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17
Q

When does aerobic N2 fixation occur

A

Under low O2, no slime layer
Under high O2, big slime layer
Slime retards diffusion of O2 into cell. Nitrogenase will not inactivated.

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18
Q

What are the steps of the carbon cycle

A
  1. Entry of Carbon into the Atmosphere
  2. Carbon Dioxide Absorption by Producers
  3. Passing of the Carbon Compounds in the Food Chain
  4. Return of the Carbon to the Atmosphere
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19
Q

What are the types of phototrophy

A

Oxygenic and Anoxygenic

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20
Q

What is oxygenic phototrophy

A

Produces O2 and electrons from the electron transport chain comes from water

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21
Q

What is anoxygenic phototrophy

A

No O2 production and the electrons come from sources other than water

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22
Q

What is photosynthesis

A

The light-dependent transfer of a proton from a donor (H2A) to carbon dioxide - that donor other than water (H2S) can be used in this process

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23
Q

What is analogous in evolutionary genomics terms

A

Similar function, different descent

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24
Q

What is homologous in evolutionary genomics terms

A

Descended from the same ancestor

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25
Q

What is orthologous in evolutionary genomics terms

A

Diverged after speciation - usually similar function

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26
Q

What is paralogous in evolutionary genomics terms

A

Diverged after speciation - usually different function

27
Q

What is (Super)Family in evolutionary genomics terms

A

Group of proteins or genes that are homologous - often have some shared function

28
Q

What is fold in evolutionary genomics terms

A

Aspect of protein tertiary structure

29
Q

What is domain in evolutionary genomics term

A

Functional section of protein

30
Q

What does oxygenic photosynthesis do

A

Creates oxygen and takes electrons from water. Essentially the two anoxygenic pathways put together.

31
Q

How does the iron cycle work

A

Bacteria thrive when they couple a reduced fuel source and they produce a powerful oxidant.

32
Q

What are biofilms

A

Complex, slime enclosed colonies attached the the surfaces. When biofilms form on medical devices can often lead to illness. They can form on any conditioned surface.

33
Q

What is biofilm formation

A

Microbes reversibly attach to a surface and release polysaccharides, proteins, and DNA. There are complex interactions occur among attached organisms in a population.

34
Q

How do gram-positive endospores work

A

Occurs as bacteria age due to nutrient deprivation. They are NOT triggered in response to environmental stress. They are extremely to environmental stress. With few exceptions, all spore-forming bacteria are Gram-positive.

35
Q

How can you get endospores to return to vegetative state

A
  1. Activation: heat endospore to sublethal temperature
  2. Place in nutrient broth
  3. Germination: very rapid; synthesizes RNA, protein, DNA, and breaks and discards spore coat.
36
Q

During Microorganisms and Climate Change, what are microbial processes in regards to world around us

A

Microbial processes have a central role in the global fluxes of the key biogenic green house gases and are likely to respond to climate change.

37
Q

During Microorganisms and Climate Change, how can we improve climate models

A

To improve the prediction of climate models, it is important to understand the mechanisms by which microorganisms regulate terrestrial greenhouse gas flux.

38
Q

During Microorganisms and Climate Change, what is radiative forcing

A

A measure of the influence that a factor has an altering the balance of incoming and outgoing energy in the Earth-atmosphere system. It is an index of the factor as a potential climate change mechanism

39
Q

During Microorganisms and Climate Change, what is the debate taking place

A

What is more open to debate is the part that they will play in the coming decades and centuries the climate feedbacks that will be important, and how humankind might harness microbial processes to manage climate change

40
Q

During Microorganisms and Climate Change, what is heterotrophic

A

An organism that can use organic compounds as nutrients to produce energy for growth

41
Q

During Microorganisms and Climate Change, define autotrophic

A

An organism that can synthesize carbon from the fixation of inorganic carbon

42
Q

During Microorganisms and Climate Change, define dissolved inorganic carbon pool

A

The sum of inorganic carbon in solution

43
Q

During Microorganisms and Climate Change, define net primary production

A

The part of the total energy fixed by autotrophic organisms that remains after the losses through autotrophic respiration

44
Q

During Microorganisms and Climate Change, define methanogenesis

A

The process by which methane is produced by microorganisms

45
Q

During Microorganisms and Climate Change, define methanotrophic

A

An organism that can use methane as a nutrient to produce energy for growth

46
Q

During Microorganisms and Climate Change, define nitrification

A

The conversion of NH3 into more oxidized form such as nitrate or nitrite

47
Q

During Microorganisms and Climate Change, define denitrification

A

The reduction of oxidized forms of nitrogen to N2O and dinitrogen

48
Q

During Microorganisms and Climate Change, define reactive nitrogen

A

Nitrogen in a form that can undergo biological transformations, such as nitrite and nitrate

49
Q

During Microorganisms and Climate Change, what are the terrestrial emissions of carbon dioxide

A

For terrestrial ecosystems, the uptake of carbon dioxide from the atmosphere by net primary production dominated by higher plants, but microorganisms contribute greatly to net carbon exchange through processes of decomposition and heterotrophic respiration.

50
Q

During Microorganisms and Climate Change, what are the terrestrial emissions of methane

A

Natural emissions of methane are dominated by microbial methanogenesis, a process that is carried out by a group of anaerobic archaea in wetlands, oceans, rumens, and termite guts.

51
Q

During Microorganisms and Climate Change, what is the emission of dinitrogen oxide

A

Most dinitrogen oxide produced by nitrification is a result of the activity of autotrophic ammonia oxidizing bacteria belonging to the class of Betaproteobacteria.

52
Q

During Microorganisms and Climate Change, define permafrost

A

Soil that remains permanently frozen

53
Q

During Microorganisms and Climate Change, define recalcitrant carbon

A

A form of carbon that is resistant to microbial decomposition owing to its chemical structure and composition

54
Q

During Microorganisms and Climate Change, define peatland

A

An area dominated by deep organic soils

55
Q

During Microorganisms and Climate Change, define water table

A

The level at which the groundwater pressure is the same as the atmospheric pressure.

56
Q

During Microorganisms and Climate Change, how does increase carbon dioxide levels impact the environment

A

Increased levels of carbon dioxide quantitatively and qualitatively alter the release of labile sugars, organic acids, and amino acids from plant roots, and this can stimulate microbial growth and activity. They can then change the carbon dioxide flux depending on the availability of nutrients.

57
Q

During Microorganisms and Climate Change, how can increased carbon dioxide levels impact methane

A

Increased carbon dioxide levels may affect methane emissions indirectly through their effects on microbial activity and physiology, and it is possible that plant-mediated increases in soil moisture in the presence of increased carbon dioxide levels in the soil will lead to more anoxic conditions, thereby increasing methanogenesis and reduce methanotrophy.

58
Q

During Microorganisms and Climate Change, define arable land

A

Land that is used for growing crops

59
Q

During Microorganisms and Climate Change, define mineralization

A

The conversion of organic carbon into organic forms, mainly carbon dioxide.

60
Q

During Microorganisms and Climate Change, define grassland

A

Land that has grass as the dominant vegetation

61
Q

During Microorganisms and Climate Change, how can we reduce carbon dioxide emissions

A

The conversion of croplands to permanent grassland, which causes a build-up of organic matter at the soil surface, could also increases carbon sequestration.

62
Q

During Microorganisms and Climate Change, how can we reduce methane emissions

A

It is well established that conversions of arable land or grassland to forest results in a substantial reduction in methane flux, and it is evident that both the type and abundance of methanotrophs are important for predicting methane flux.

63
Q

During Microorganisms and Climate Change, how can we reduce dinitrogen oxide

A

Potential strategies that include reducing the amount of fertilizer and applying it at an appropriate time, using slow-release fertilizer, and avoiding nitrogen forms that are likely to produce large emissions or leaching losses.

64
Q

During Microorganisms and Climate Change, what must we do to ensure that we don’t suffer from the changing climate

A

First, we need to better understand and quantify microbial responses to climate change to comprehend future ecosystem functioning. Second, we need to classify microbial taxa in terms of their functional and physiological capabilities and to link this information to the level of ecosystem function. Third, we need to improve our mechanistic understanding of microbial control of greenhouse gas emission and microbial responses. Fourth, we need to develop a framework to incorporate data into climate models to reduce uncertainty and to improve estimation and prediction. Fifth, we need to better understand the effect of climate change on above-ground and below-ground interactions and nutrient cycling. Sixth, we need to develop a framework around the five points listed above to enhance carbon sequestration and/or reduce greenhouse gas emissions

MICRB 320 (6 decks)

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