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HA 1 > Microbio > Flashcards

Microbio Flashcards

1
Q

It is the complete virus particles

A

Virions

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2
Q

Virions are observed using

A

Electron Microscope

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3
Q

These causes specific types of cancer

A

Oncovirus/oncogenic

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4
Q

Composed of many small proteins

A

Capsomeres

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5
Q

This is a protein coat composed of DNA or RNA

A

Capsid

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6
Q

Four categories of viruses based on the type of genomes they possess

A

Single-stranded DNA
Double-stranded DNA
Single-stranded RNA
Double-stranded RNA

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7
Q

This theory originated on the primordial soup

A

Coevolution theory

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8
Q

Evolved from free-living prokaryotes that invaded other living organisms

A

Retrogade evolution theory

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9
Q

Viruses are pieces of host cell RNA or DNA that have escaped from living cells and are no longer under cellular control

A

Escaped gene theory

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10
Q

Viruses that infect humans and animals

A

animal virus

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11
Q

attaches to a protein or polysaccharide molecule

A

attachment

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12
Q

the entire virus enters the host cell, in some cases it was phagocytosized by the cell.

A

penetration

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13
Q

the viral nucleic acid escapes from the capsid

A

uncoating

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14
Q

viral genes are expressed, resulting in production of pieces or parts of viruses.

A

Biosynthesis

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15
Q

the viral pieces or parts are assembled to create complete virions

A

Assembly

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16
Q

the complete virions escaped from the host cell by lysis or budding

A

Release

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17
Q

viruses that becomes enveloped escaped through

A

budding

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18
Q

Are remnants or collections

A

Inclusion bodies

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19
Q

hides from host’s immune system by entering and remaining dormant.

A

Latent virus infection

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20
Q

this is used to treat viral infection

A

antiviral agents

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21
Q

This virus causes Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome

A

Human Immunodeficiency virus

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22
Q

small infectious proteins that can cause neurologic diseases in animals.

A

prions

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23
Q

which cells does HIV attacks

A

CD4+ cells

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24
Q

what enzyme does retro viruses produce?

A

Reverse Transcriptase

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25
Q

this type of virus capable of inserting the viral genome into DNA

A

provirus

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26
Q

this virus is a crossover between bats to humans, this is also the biggest strands of virus.

A

Ebola virus

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27
Q

this virus is transmitted by mosquitos

A

zika virus

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28
Q

types of bacteriophages

A

virulent and temperate

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29
Q

this is prescribed in an attempt to prevent secondary bacterial infections.

A

Antibiotics

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30
Q

this type of bacteriophages causes lytic cycles

A

Virulent bacteriophages

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30
Q

this type of bacteriophages will remain into the bacterial cell chromosome, generation after generation.

A

Temperate bacteriophages

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31
Q

this type of virus can mimic a bacteria and can cause some cases of human pneumonia.

A

Mimivirus

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32
Q

this virus can interfere with the metabolism of plants.

A

viroids

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33
Q

what is the name of the shape of the bacteris that is round or spherical

A

cocci

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34
Q

what is the name of the shape of the bacteria that is rectangular or rod-shaped

A

bacilli

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35
Q

what are the three basic shapes of bacteria?

A

cocci, bacilli, curved and spiral-shaped

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36
Q

bacterias that exist in a variety of shapes are called?

A

pleomorphic

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37
Q

ability to exist in variety of shapes

A

pleomorphism

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38
Q

this fixation is accomplished by placing the slide on the slide warmer

A

heat fixation

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39
Q

this type of fixation is accomplished by flooding the smear with absolute methanol. This is also the standardized technique

A

methanol fixation

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40
Q

what are the 3 purposes of fixation?

A

kills the microorganisms, preserves the morphology, anchors the smear to the slide.

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41
Q

this type of stain is used to determine bacterial shape and morphologic arrangement.

A

simple stain

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42
Q

this type of stain is used to observes bacterial capsules, spores, and flagella

A

structural staining procedure

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43
Q

This procedure became the most important staining procedure in the bacteriology laboratory.

A

gram stain

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44
Q

this type of staining procedure can identify a mycobacterium

A

acid-fast stain

45
Q

this is a bright red dye that is used to stain the cells.

A

carbol fuchsin

46
Q

this phenol component of stain is used to lock the stain into the cell wall.

A

carbol

47
Q

this bacterium is able to swim

A

motile

48
Q

bacteria that are unable to swim

A

nonmotile

49
Q

Are used to determine the
presence, number, and location of flagella on bacterial cells

A

Flagella stain

50
Q

turns blue to purple because of the crystal violet-iodine solution, is difficult to remove because of the thick peptidoglycan in the cell wall

A

Gram positive

51
Q

turns pink to red because of the red dye safranin solution

A

gram negative

52
Q

dissolves the lipids in the gram negative making it easier to remove the crystal violet-iodine dye

A

decolorizer

53
Q

a drop of bacterial suspension is placed on glass overslip and inserted over a depression slide.

A

acid fast stain

54
Q

Useful to classify bacteria based on their relationship to O2 and CO2

A

atmospheric requirement

55
Q

does not require oxygen and can live in anaerobic environment

A

obligate aerobes

56
Q

requires oxygen for multiplication, but in lower concentrations found in room air.

A

microaerophilic anaerobes

57
Q

can be defined as organisms that do not require oxygen for life.

A

Anaerobes

58
Q

does not use oxygen and can protect themselves from reactive oxygen molecules

A

aerotolerant anaerobe

59
Q

are able to survive with or without the process of oxygen.

A

facultative anaerobes

60
Q

the ability of bacteria to cause disease.

A

pathogenecity

61
Q

uses test procedures called Molecular Diagnostic Procedures, to analyze the organism’s DNA and RNA to
identify the bacteria

A

Genetic Composition

62
Q

make it possible to
identify an isolate without relying on phenotypic characteristics

A

DNA probes

63
Q

used to determine the degree of relatedness between two different bacteria

A

16S rRNA

64
Q

have leaky cell membranes so
they live inside another cell to
retain all necessary cellular
substance.

A

Rickettsias

65
Q

lice, fleas, and tick transmit the rickettdias from one host to another by their bites or
waste products

A

Arthropods

66
Q

pathogens that can live within certain types of white blood cells

A

Intraleukocytic pathogens

67
Q

this is referred to as energy parasites; can produce ATP but use ATP molecules produced by their host cells

A

chlamydias

68
Q

has a cell wall and therefore assume many things and can cause atypical pneumonia and genitourinary infections on humans.

A

Mycoplasmas

69
Q

these types of bacteria uses light as an energy source but do not carry
out photosynthesis the same way

A

photosynthetic bacteria

70
Q

This organisms live in extreme enviroment

A

archaea

71
Q

a bacteria that uses light as energy source but does not carry out photosynthesis the same way

A

photosynthetic bacteria

72
Q

produce oxygen (oxygenic bacteria)

A

Cyanobacteria

73
Q

attached to the cell membrane at various points and are thought to represent invaginations of the cell membranel

A

Thylakoids

74
Q

live in extreme
environments like extremely hot, dry, salty, alkaline, acidic or in extremely high pressure

A

extremophiles

75
Q

archaea that produce
methane (flammable gas)

A

Methanogens

76
Q

this is photosynthesis, eukaryotic organisms that are classified as Kindom Protista. This is also an important source of food, iodine, and fertilizers

A

Algae

77
Q

thickened cell membrane contained some algal cells

A

pellicle

78
Q

known as “eyespot”; light-sensing
organelle

A

Stigma

79
Q

found in the cell wall of
algae but not in any other
microorganisms

A

cellulose

80
Q

what are the classifications according to types of Photosynthetic Pigments of bacteria?

A

green, golden, brown, red

81
Q

this type of algae causes protothecosis and can lead to paralytic shellfish poison

A

dinoflagellates

82
Q

this is a nonphotosynthetic, unicellular, and free-living thing that is more animal-like that ingests algae, yeast, smaller protozoa

A

protozoa

83
Q

this is the protozoan life cycle that is in the motile, feeding, and dividing stages.

A

Trophozoite stage

84
Q

this is the protozoan cycle that is in the nonmotile, dormant, and survival stage

A

cyst stage

85
Q

move by means of cytoplasmic extensions
called pseudopodia (false feet)

A

amaeba

86
Q

move by means of large numbers of hairlike cilia on their surfaces.

A

Cilliates

87
Q

move by means of whiplike flagella, exhibits a wavelike motion.

A

Flagella protozoa

88
Q

A nonmotile protozoa, lacking pseudopodia, flagella, or cilia.

A

sporozoa

89
Q

the study of fungi

A

mycology

90
Q

this organism is the garbage disposers of the enviroment

A

fungi

91
Q

what is fungi cell wall made of?

A

chitin

92
Q

what is filament found growing on fungi?

A

hyphae

93
Q

the cytoplasm within
the hypha is divided into cells by cross
-walls or septa

A

Septate hyphae

94
Q

the cytoplasm within the hypha is not divided into cells; no septa. Contains
multinucleated cytoplasm

A

aseptate hyphae

95
Q

are eukaryotic single-celled (unicellular)
organisms that lack mycelia. Sometimes
referred to as blastospores or blastoconidia

A

yeast

96
Q

Sometimes a string of elongated buds is formed; this string of elongated buds is called a

A

pseudohypha

97
Q

it’s the yeast and fungi most frequently
isolated from human clinical specimens

A

candida albicans

98
Q

Form of cytoplasmic filaments or hyphae that makes the mycelium.

A

moulds

99
Q

this type of hyphae extends above the surface

A

Aerial hyphae

100
Q

this type of hyphae grows beneath the surface

A

vegetative hyphae

101
Q

reproduction is by spore formation, either
sexually or asexually, on the aerial hyphae for this reason, aerial hyphae are sometimes referred to as what?

A

reproductive hyphae

102
Q

it’s one of a few fungi, including human pathogens, that can live either as yeast or as moulds, depending on growth conditions.

A

dimorphic fungi

103
Q

fungi that are encountered as mushrooms, toadstools, puffballs and bracket fungi

A

fleshy fungi

104
Q

are fungal infections of the outermost areas of the human body, such as hai, fingernails, toenails, and the outermost layer of the skin (epidermis).

A

superficial mycoses

105
Q

fungal infections living layers of the skin
(dermis). A group of moulds
collectively referred to as
dermatophytes cause tinea infections, which are often referred to as
“ringworm” infections.

A

cutaneous mycoses

106
Q

are fungal infections of the dermis and
underlying tissues. Usually, these
infections are from traumatic
implantation of organisms into the
subcutaneous tissue.

A

subcutaneous mycoses

107
Q

are fungal infections of internal organs of the body, sometimes affecting two or
more different organ systems
simultaneously.

A

systematic mycosis

108
Q

this organism is a combination of two or three microorganisms of alga (or cyanobacterium), a fungus, and a yeast

A

lichens

109
Q

Found in soil and on rotting logs, have both fungal and protozoal characteristics

A

slime moulds

HA 1 (1 decks)

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