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Microbio Flashcards

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1
Q

What does lipoteichoic acid induce?

A

TNF and IL-1

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2
Q

What does lipid A induce?

A

TNF and IL-1

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3
Q

What is the periplasm?

A

Space between the outer membrane and the cell wall of gram - organisms
- Contains hydrolytic enzymes (i.e. B lactamases

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4
Q

What is the function of pili/fimbrae?

A

Bacterial adhesion

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5
Q

What is the function of a flagellum?

A

Motility

Listeria have these

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6
Q

What type of capsule does B. anthracis have?

A

D-glutamate

- Different because it’s an AA instead of a polysacharide backbone

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7
Q

What is a glycocalyx?

A

It mediates adherence to surfaces as well, contributes to the formation of biofilms

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8
Q

What is unique to gram neg organisms?

A 
Porins (in outer membrane)
Endotoxin (LPS in outer membrane)
Periplasmic space (b lactamases
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9
Q

What is unique to gram pos organisms?

A

Lipoteichioc acid

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10
Q

What is common to both g- and +?

A 
Flagellum
Pilae
Capsule
Cell wall
Peptidoglycan
Cytoplasmic membrane (where oxidative phosphoryation occurs
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11
Q

Gram - cocci?

A 
Moraxella catarrhalis (walking pneumo)
Neisseria (meningitis, gonorrhea)
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12
Q

What are G + rods?

A 
Bacillus
Clostridium
Corynebacterium (painful chancre, ducrei)
Gardnerella (bac vaginosis)
Lactobacillus
Listeria (baby meningitis)
Mycobac
Propionibacterium
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13
Q

What are G- rods?

A 
Enterics
E. coli
Klebsiella
Campylobacter
 Bacteroides
Enterobacter
Helicobacter
Proteus
Salmonella
Serratia
Shigella
Vibrio
Yersinia

Resp:
Bordetella
Haemophilus
Legionella (silver)

Zoonotic
Bartonella
Brucella
Francisella
Pastuerella
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14
Q

What are branching filamentous?

A

Actinomycetes (Gram +)

Nocardia (acid fast) Gram +

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15
Q

What are pleomorphic gram -?

A

Chlamydia

Rickettsia

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16
Q

What are gram - spirochetes?

A

Treponema
Leptospira
Borrelia

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17
Q

What has no cell wall?

A

Mycoplasma, Ureaplasma

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18
Q

How do you view treponema?

A

Dark Field microscopy

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19
Q

These Microbes May Lack Real Color

A 
Treponema
Mycobac
Mycoplasma
Legionella
Rickettsia (intracellular)
Chlamydia (intracellular, low muramic acid)
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20
Q

What bugs need Giesma stain?

A 
Certain Bugs Really Try Patience
Chlamydia
Borrelia
Rickettsia
Trypanosomes
Plasmodium
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21
Q

Which bugs need PaS stain?

A

Stains glycogen
WHIPPLE Disease
Tropheyrma whipplei

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22
Q

What bugs need Ziel-neelsen stain?

A 
Acid Fast (nocardia, mycobac)
Parasite (cryptosporidium)
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23
Q

What stains with India ink?

A

Cryptococcus neoformans (mucicarmine also)

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24
Q

What needs a silver stain?

A

Fungi (pneunocystis)
Legionella
Helicobacter pylori

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25
What media does H. influ need?
Chocolate Agar (needs niacin Factor V and Factor X (hematin)
26
What does N. gono and N. menigi need to grow?
``` Thayer-Martin Has: Vanc (inhibit G+) - Trimethoprim - Colistin (inhibit all G- except N.) Nystatin (inhibit fungi) ```
27
What does B. pertussi grow on?
Bordet-Gengou (potato) | Regan-Lowe medium (charcoal, blood, Ab)
28
What does C. diptheria grow on?
Tellurite agar
29
What does Myco tuber
Lowenstein - Jensen
30
What does Myco pneumoniae?
Eaton agar
31
What do lactose-fermenting enterics grow on?
MacConkey
32
What does legionella grow on?
Charcoal yeast extract
33
What do Fungi grow on?
Sabourand agar
34
What bugs are aerobes?
Nocardia Pseudomonas MycoBacterium Why reactivation of Tb goes to apices of lung
35
What are some anaerobes?
Fusobacterium Clostridium Bacteroides Actinomyces Frankly Can't Breathe Air AminOglycosides ineffective because need O2 to activate
36
What are obligate intracellular organisms?
Chlamydia Rickettisa Coxiella Really Chilly and COld (need host ATP)
37
Which bugs are facultative intracelluar?
``` Some Nasty Bugs May Live Facultatively Salmoella Neisseria Brucella Mycobac Listeria Franciella Legionella Yersinia pestis ```
38
What are encapsulated bacteria?
``` SHiNE SKiS Strep pneumo H. influe Neisseria E. coli Salomonella Klebsiella Group B Strep ``` Capsule is Antiphagocytic Virulence factor Asplenics hae higher risk of infection with these gbugs Needs S. pneumo, Hib, N. menin vaccines in these patients
39
What is the way you can give a capulse vaccine?
Attach it to a protein because normally immune reponse do not activate to polysaccharides
40
What is the pneumococcal vaccine?
PCV (prevnar), conjugate vaccine) PPSV (Pneumovax), no conjugated protein
41
What is the H. flu vaccine?
Conjugate vaccine
42
What is the meningococcal vaccine?
Conjugate vaccine
43
What are urease positive bugs?
``` CHuck Norris hates PUNKSS Cryptococcus H. pylori Proteus Ureaplasma Nocardia Klebsiella S. epidermids S. saprophyticus ```
44
What are catalase-positive bugs?
``` Cats Need PLACESS Catalase degrades H2O2 People with chronic granulomatous disease (NADPH oxidase def get reccurrent infections from these guys) Nocarida Pseudomonas Listeria Aspergillus Candida E. coli Staph Serratia ```
45
What pigment is actionomyces?
Yellow granules (filaments of bac)
46
What color is S. auerus?
Yellow pigment
47
What is pseudomonas?
Green
48
Serratia marcescens produces which color?
Red pigment
49
What does the virulence factor Protein A do?
Binds Fc region of IgG to prevent opsonization | S. aureus
50
What does IgA protease do?
``` It cleaves IgA Allows colonizing of resp epithelium SHiN Strep pneumo H. influ Neisseria ```
51
What does the M protein do?
Prevents phagocytosis All encapuslated bac Molecular mimicry (might be why Strep A causes Rheumatic fever)
52
What is the Type III secretion system?
``` Injectisome Needle like appendage that aids in delivery of endotoxin from Gram negative bac Pseudomonas Salmonella E. coli Shigella ```
53
What is the mode of action for endotoxins?
Induce IL-1, TNF, IL-6 (akute phase reactants)
54
How do you vaccinate against exotoxins?
Toxoids
55
Are exotoxins or endotoxins stable at high heat?
Endotoxins (stable at 100C) whereas exotoxins get degraded at 60C
56
What are diseases seen by exotoxins?
Botulism Tetanus Diphtheria
57
What diseases are seen by endotoxins?
Gram neg sepsis | Meningococcemia
58
What do pseudomonas and corynebacterium diptheriae have in common?
Their toxin mechanism Inactivates Elongation Factor 2 Pseudomonas (cell death) Coryne (pharyngitis with pseudomembranous in throat and severe lyphadenopathy
59
What does shigella and e.coli have in common?
Exotoxin function Inactivates 60S ribosome by removing ADENINE from rRNA Shigella (gI mucosal damage: dysentery, Enhanced cytokine release that causes hemolytic uremic syndrome E.coli (enhances cytokine release causing HUS but DOES NOT INVADE HOST LIKE SHIGELLA
60
What exotoxins increase fluid secretion?
``` ETEC (heat labile and stable) Edema toxin (Bacillus anthracis) Cholera toxin (vibrio cholera) ```
61
What is the mechanism of action of Heat labile and Heat stable toxin in ETEC?
Labile (overactivates adenylate cyclase (increase Cl and H20 secretion in Guy) (labile in Air (adenylate cyclase) Stable (stable in ground Gmp - Overactivates guanyl cyclase (increase cGMP to decrease resorption of NaCL and H20 Both lead to watery diarrhea
62
What is the mechanism of action of Edema toxin by bacillus antharcis?
Mimics Adenylate cyclase (increase cAMP | -Edematous borders seen in black eschar of cutaneous anthrax
63
What mechanisms does cholera toxin use?
Overactivates adenylate cyclase by permanently activating G2 - Increase Cl and H20 secretion Voluminous rice water diarrhea
64
How does bordetella pertussis toxin work?
It overactivates adenylate cyclase by DISAbLIng Gs - Inhibits phagocytosis Get whooping cough
65
What is the mechanism of action of clotridium tetani?
Inhibit release of neurotransmitter - Tetasnospasmin - Proteases that cleave SNARES Spasiticity, risus sardonicus Lockjaw Toxin inhibits release of inhibitory (GABA and GLYCINE0 Nts from Renshaw cells in spinal cord
66
What is the mechanisms of clostridium botulism?
Prevents cleavage of SNARES Flaccid Paralysis (floppy bby) Prevents release of stimulatory NTs (ACh) at NMJ resulting in flaccid paralysis
67
What is the mechanism of exotoxins produced by clostridium perfringens?
Alpha Toxin Phospho lipase that degrades tissue and cell membranes Myonecrosis (Gas gangrene) and hemolysis (double zone of hemolysis on blood agar)
68
What is the exotoxin produced by strep pyogenes?
Streptolysin O Protein that degrades cell membrane Lyses Rbcs and contributes to B hemolysis Host abs against ASO used to diagnose Rh fever
69
How do super antigens work?
``` Staph (TSST Strep A (exotoxin A) ``` Bind MHC II and TCR to cause overwhelming release of IL-1, Il-2, INF-y, and TNF-a causes shock
70
What are the symptoms of toxic shock?
Fever, Rash, Shock Scalded skin caused by exofoliative toxin Food poisoning caused by enterotoxin
71
How does endotoxin cause problems?
``` ENDOTOXIN Edema Nitric oxide DIC/Death Outer membrane TNF-a O-antigen eXtremely heat stable IL-1 Neutrophil chemotaxis ```
72
What is bacterial transformation?
The uptake of naked Bac DNA in the environment that may have been released by dying bacteria If lyase is added to the medium no transformation is seen
73
What is Conjugation?
FxF: F plasmid requires sex pilus and conjugation F- are bac that don't have plasmid NO TRANSFER OF CHROMOSOMAL DNA ONLY PLASMID HFrxF-: A plasmid that has been incorporated into bac DNA, may contain some flanking chromosomal DNA so transfer of plasmid brings SOME TRANSFER OF CHROMOSOMAL DNA
74
What is transposition?
Segement of DNA that can jump from one location to another Plasmid to Chromosome and vice versa how VanA gene from Enterococcus gets into S. auerus
75
What is transduction?
Generalized: Lytic phage infects bac and parts of bac DNA packaged into new phages, these phages infect another bac and transform them into something new Specialized: Excision event, viral DNA incorporates into bac chromosome, phage DNA pulls bac DNA with it and infects another bacteria to give it those traits - ABCDE - ShigA toxin - Botulism - Cholera - Diphtheria - Erthryogenic toxin of Strep Pyogenes
76
What are some beta hemolytic bacteria?
Listeria S. aurues S. agalatciate S. Pyogenes
77
What is the most serious complication of s. epidermidis?
Biofilms (adherence to prosthetic devices)
78
What is the second most common cause of women UTI?
S. saprophyticus | Novobiocin resistance
79
What is the most common cause of otitis media, meningitis, penumonia, and sinutitus?
S. pneumo Optochin sensitive Associated with rusty sputum Sepsis in sickle cell disease (splenectomy Lancet shaped (encapsulated) IgA protease (SHiN)
80
What causes endocarditis at damaged heart valves?
S. sanguinis (a viridans group strep) optochin resistant Makes dextrans which bind fibrin-platelet aggregates
81
What does group A strep cause?
Pyogenic (pharyngitis, cellulits, impetigo, eryspielase Toxigenic: Scarlet fever, toxic shock, necrotizing fascitis Immunologic: Rhe fever, acute glomerulnephritis Antibodies to M protein give protection but may lead to Rh fever Pyrrolidonyl arylamidase (pYR) + JONES criteria (Joints, heart carditis, Nodules, erthema marginatum, syndeham chorea) Impetigo precedes glomerulonephritis
82
What is Scarlet Fever?
``` Scarlet rash Sandpaper like texture Strawberry tongue Cirumoral pallor Subsequent desquammation ```
83
What does group B strep cause?
Colonizes the vagina so women must be screened cause can cause: - Meningitis - Sepsis - Pneumonia in babies Produces CAMP factor which enlarges hemolysis formed by S. auerus Hippurate test + Give penicillin as prophylaxis to mothers if they screen positive for this bug
84
What is special about enterococcus (group D strep)
Penicillin G resistant Cause UTI,, biliary tract infections, subacute endocarditis after GI/GU procedure They grow on bile and NaCL
85
What is lancefield group testing?
Differences in C Carbohydrates on bac cell wall
86
What are very important nosocomial infections with enterococcus?
Vanc Reistant enterococcus | Can transfer there stuff to S. aueerus
87
What is special about S. bovis?
Associated with colon cancer Can also cause bacteremia and subacute endocarditis
88
What is diptheria toxin encoded by?
B prophage
89
What does diptheria toxin do?
Inactivates EF2 inhibiting protein synthesis Leads to pseudomembranous pharyngitis (grayish white membrane) Lymphadenopathy Myocarditis and Arrhythmias
90
How do you diagnosis Diphteria?
Gram positive rods Metachromic granules (blue and red) Positive Elek test for toxin TOXOID VACCINE (because exotoxin) ``` ABCDEFG ADP ribosylation B prophage Corynebacterium Diptheriaie Elongfation Factor 2 Granules (metochromatic) ```
91
What bacteria have spores?
Clostridium, Bacillus, Coxiella C. difficile (Ab associated colitis) C. botulism (Botulism, inhibit SNARE for Ach) C. Tetanus (Tetanus, inhibit SNARE for glycin and GABA) C. perfrigens (Gas gangrene) phosholipase B. cereus (food poisoning) B. antrhacis (anthrax, mimics Adenylate cyclase)
92
How to you treat tetanus?
Prevent with tetanus vaccine Treat: Antitoxin +/- vaccine booster - Diazepam for muscle spasms
93
How do you treat botulism?
Preformed toxin | Treat with antitoxin
94
How does C. difficle work?
Produces Toxin A, enterotoxin that binds to brush border Toxin B causes cytoskeletal disruption via ACTIN depolymerization (pseudomembranous colitis) Due to Ab use: Clindamycin or ampicillin Treatment: Metronidazole or Oral Vanc REcurrent: treat with fecal transplant or FIDAXOMICIN
95
What is the difference between cutaneous and pulmonary anthrax?
Cutatneous: painless papule that ulcers with black eschar (painless, necrotic) Pulm: Flu-like that rapidly progress to fever, pulm hemorrhage, mediastinitis, and shock
96
What causes food poisoning in reheated rice?
B. cereus Emetic type N/V within 1-5 hours Caused by CEREULIDE, preformed toxin Diarheal: Watery non bloody with GI pain within 8-18 hours
97
What are ways to listeria?
Unpasteurized milk products Cold deli meats Transplacental Vaginal transmission
98
What do you look for in micro of listeria?
``` Rocket tails (actin polymerization) Tumbling motility Only Gram positive to produce endotoxin ```
99
What is the only gram positive bac to produce endotoxin?
Listeria
100
What disease does listeria cause?
``` Amnionits Sepsis SPonstaneous abortion Granulomatosis infantiseptica Neonatal meningitis Meningitis in IMMUNOCOMPROMISED Mild gastroenteritis ```
101
How do you treat listeral?
Ampicillin in infants, immunocompromised, and elderly
102
HOw do you treat actinomycets?
Penicillin
103
How do you treat nocardia?
Sulfonamides
104
What disease does nocardia cause?
Pulmonary infection in immunocompromised and cutaneous infection after trauma
105
What does actinomyces cause?
Oral/facial abscess drain through sinuses | Forms yellow fsulfur granules
106
What is POTT disease?
Disseminated TB to the vertebrate
107
What causes a false positive TB test?
BCG vaccination
108
What is the test to do that has fewer false positives in TB?
Interferon gamma release assay
109
What do mycobacterium release?
Cord factor in virulent strains | Inhibits macrphage maturation and induces release of TNF alpha
110
What is special about M. Avium?
Causes disseminated non-Tb disease in AIDS patients CD
111
What does M. marinum cause?
Hand infection in aquarium
112
What causes leprosy?
M. Leprae (only likes cool temperatures Glove and stocking sensation
113
What are the two forms of leprosy?
Lepromatous: diffusely over skin (lion like facies) and in communicable Tuberculoid: limited to a few hypoesthetic hariless skin plaques - High cell mediated immunity with Th1 type immune response
114
How do you treat leprosy?
Dapsone and rfampin (tuberculoid form) Clofazimine added in Lepromatous form
115
What grows on Macconkee?
``` Citrobacter Klebsiella E. coli Enterobacter Serratia (weak fermente) ```
116
What is special about e coli on EMB agar?
E. coli grows colonies with a green sheen on purple and black
117
Where a N. gonorrhea found?
Often intracellular (within PMNs)
118
What does N. meningitis ferment?
Maltose and glucose
119
HWat does N. Gono ferment?
Just glucose
120
What causes Fitz-High curtis syndrome?
N. Gono
121
What prenvents neonatal transmission?
Erthyomycin (macrolide)
122
What is treatment of Gonococci?
Ceftriazone and azithromycin/doxycycline (possilbe C. trachnomis infection)
123
What is given to people who have had close contact to patients with N. meningitidis?
Rifampin Ciprofloxacin Ceftriaxone
124
How do you treat N menin?
Ceftriaxone and Penicillin G
125
How does H. influe grow with S. auerus?
S. auerus breaks open RBCs to allow factor V to be given to H. flue
126
What does H. Flu cause?
Epiglottis Meningitis Otitis media Pneumonia
127
What is given to close contacts of people with H. flue?
Rifampin
128
How do you treat H. Influe meningitis?
Ceftriaxone
129
What causes pontiac fever?
Legionella
130
How do you treat Legionella?
Macrolid or quinolone
131
What does Pseudomonas cause?
``` PSEDUO Pneumonia Sepsis Otitis externa Drug use (associated UTIs Diabetes (associated) Osteomyelti ```
132
What do you give for multidrug resistant Pseudo?
Colistin and polymyxin B
133
What causes Ecthyma gangrenosum?
Pseuodmonas seen in Immunocompromised people
134
What do you think of for pseudomonas?
Burn victim
135
What causes hot tub folliculitis?
Pseudomonas
136
What are ecoli virulence factors for cystitis?
Fimbrae
137
What are e coli virulence factors for Pneumonia, meningtis in babies?
K capsule
138
What are e coli virulence factors for septic shock?
LPS
139
What is HUS and what causes it?
Hus is hemolytic uremic syndrome? - Schistocytes - Low platelets - Low renal blood flow - Anemia - Thrombocytopenia Shiga like toxin and Shiga toxin
140
What distinguishes EHEC from the others?
Does not ferment sorbitol
141
What are the immune responses to Salm typhi?
Mononuclear Oppsed to salmonella and shigella which are PMNS
142
Which one has a vaccine, shigella, salmonella, or S. typhie?
S. typhi Live attenuated IM contains (Vi capsular polysaccharide)
143
How do antibitoics affect salmonella?
Prolongs duration of disease (don't give it0
144
How does shigella disemminate?
Cell to cell | Salmonella swim in teh Blood
145
How is campy spread?
Unpastuerized milk Poultry Meat Infected animals
146
What are the spirochets?
Leptospira Treponema Borrelia
147
How can borrelia be seen?
Aniline dyes only
148
Where is leptospira found?
With animal urine water | Leptospirosis
149
What is leptospirosis?
``` Flu like illness Myalgias (calves jaundice photopobia Conjuncitival suffsion ``` Surfers in tropics
150
What is Weil disease?
``` Icterohemorrhage leptospirosis Severe leptosprisosis Kidney dysfunction also liver fevere hemorrhage anemia ```
151
What diseases cause rash on palms and soles?
CARS Coxsacie A virus Rickettisa Syphylis Secondary
152
What is special about typhus?
R. typhus | Rash starts on trunk then spreads, but not to hands or feats
153
How do you diagnose ehrlichiosis?
Monocytes with berry like inclusion (lone star tick)
154
HOw do you diagnose anaplasmosis?
Granuolcytes with morulae in cytoplasm
155
How do you diagnose Q fever?
Penoumoaie MOst common culture nega endocarditis Coxiella burnetti (spores inhaled through aerosols
156
What bugs produce exotoxins that inhibit protein synthesis?
Corynebacterium (EF 2) Pseudomonas (EF-2) Shigella (60s removes adenine from RNA) Enterohemorrhagic E. coli (60S removes adenine from RNA)
157
What bugs produce exotoxin that increase fluid excretion?
Vibrio cholerae (stimulates adenylate cyclase by permanently activating it) Bacillus anthracis (Mimics adenylate cyclase) ETEC (labile (activate cAMP) (stabile (activate cGMP)
158
Which bugs produce exotoxin that inhibit phagocytic ability?
Bordetella pertussis | Overactivates cAMP by disabling Gi, impairing phagocytosis
159
Which bugs produce exotoxin that inhibit release of neurotransmitters?
C. Tetani (prevent release of glycin and GABA) C. botulinum (prevent release of ACh)

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