Microbio 5: parasites

Question 1

Epidiemology of E.hystolica

Answer 1

Ameboa-10% of people in temperate climate have them–but 90% have no symptoms
Only produce symtpoms in10%-depends on intial load and a lot more

3rd leading cause of death due to parasites

Question 2

How is E.Hystolica aquired?

Answer 2

Faecal matter-
Human is only reservoir-passed from one to other
Cysts its feaces enter small intestine and reease active parasites (Trophozoites)-invade epithelium of large interstine, causing ulcers-infection can also spread to other organs
Asymptomatic people pass the cysts in the faeces-and tend to be infectious cause-> cysts can live up to 2 months as well

Main disease: Ameabic liver absesses, brain infections, lung infection

Question 3

How do you diagnose E.Hystolica>

Answer 3

Microscopy-> see spherical eggs, measuring about 15um

Question 4

What are the overall 2 types of parasites?

Answer 4

Protozoa and meladoa

Question 5

What are coccidia? What is malaria

Answer 5

Protozo Coccidial infection are mostly zoonoses-eg: Malaria, Toxoplasma,

Plasmodium infection-> P falciparum, P.malariae ovale, vivax (in order of danger/severity of malaria

2 types of host: Himans and mosqiotes

2 stages-Liver and blood stages -live in erythrocytes and thats when symptoms

Question 6

Epidiemology of Malaria

Answer 6

1 child dies every 30sec-majority young african children
Symptoms-depend on the parasite
Falciparum-9-14 days
18-40 days for malaria

Cause fever, headache, chill vominting, mucle pain, paroxysm (cycles of fever 4-8h)
Complications-aneamia
Cerebral malaria-when enter the brain-seizure/coma

Question 7

What are the main treatment options for malaria? and diagnosis

Answer 7

Uncomplicated malaria-several antimicrobials-resistance has arriven
Severe-Artemesin combination

Diagnosis-with blood film and training again

Question 8

What is Toxoplasma?

Answer 8

type of Coccidia
Usually from cat-many people have it and not an issue
But in immunocompromised or pregnant people can be issue
Infects warm blooded animals-usual cats
can get it via cleaning cat shit, or eating meats that have been infected (even organ trannplanted)

can cause CNS disease, brain lesion, pneunomitis in immunocompromised

Question 9

What is Cryptosporidium

Answer 9

type of coccidia
Foecal oral transmission
In immunocompromised like HIv-can cause diarrhoae-actually pretty common for HIV

Diagnose with blood film

Question 10

What are cilliates? Exemple

Answer 10

Ciliates are a type of protozoa. have many ciliae
Foecal oral, and once again large asymptomatic population-egg released and not treated

In immunocompromised-diarrhoae, abdocramps, nausea, vom, etc

Question 11

What are flagellates? Describe giardiasis

Answer 11

Other type of protozoae eg: Giardiasis
Swimming paracytes in trophoites state
Foacal oral transmission
Infects large pop (8% of children in developed countries)
can be asymtpomatic, symptoms depend on initial dose

causes diarrhoae, greasy stools, stomach cramps-> diarrhoae

diagnose with stool examination

Cysts cannot be treated-can still be infected after transmited

Question 12

What is trichomonas?

Answer 12

Sexually transmitted Flagellate
Most common non viral STI-usually found in urethra or vagina
50% most people are asymptomatic
Symptoms-vaginal or penile discharge, vuvlal itching, disura -> non specific for Trichomonas
Complication-detrimental outcome on pregnancy and associated with preterm delivery
HIV-also at risk

diagnosis-Microscopy in urine. Also trichomonas rapid test
Treatment:

Question 13

What is trichomonas?

Answer 13

Sexually transmitted Flagellate
Most common non viral STI-usually found in urethra or vagina
50% most people are asymptomatic
Symptoms-vaginal or penile discharge, vuvlal itching, disura -> non specific for Trichomonas
Complication-detrimental outcome on pregnancy and associated with preterm delivery
HIV-also at risk

diagnosis-Microscopy in urine. Also trichomonas rapid test
Treatment:

Question 14

Define parasite?

Answer 14

Orannism living in or on host and dependent on it for nutrition, causing damage

Question 15

What are the 3 types of Metazoa?

Answer 15

Worms pretty much

1) Helminths-roundowrms,

Question 16

What are helminths? Epidiemology?

Answer 16

Complex, multicellular parasites-
can involve vectors/intermediate host
For most-human definite host-few from zoonoses
Adult cant multiply in men-numbers related to infection numbers

associates with hundred of millions of cases worldwide, especially in young people that play outside a lot

Question 17

what are ascariasis? How do they infects. symptoms. diagnoses

Answer 17

Live in small intestine-produce 240000 eggs a day into the faeces
live about 3 weeks
Then hatch when ingested-> invade intestinal mucosao-carried via protal vein to lungs, where grow, then go up the trachae-> get swallowed again, reachins small intestine to start making eggs

symptoms only really happen when you have a large modern of works-abdocramps and stuff
Also feed on your food-malnutrition
Larvae can also cause local relation in lungs

Question 18

Roundworm–

Answer 18

Nematodes-over arching group with ascaris, hookworm, filaria, stongyloides

Question 19

What is hookworm (nematode)? How do they infects. symptoms. diagnoses

Answer 19

eg: Ancylostoma duodenale-small and curved-attatch to wall of small intestine
Larvae goes through the skin-> blood to heart and lungs-> entry to alveoli, up the throat, then swallowed again-> intestine to produce eggs

Symptoms: again often asymtomatic, but aneamia-creature cause bleeding as attached to intestine
Resp symptoms with larvae
diagnose with stool examination

Question 20

What are trichuris trichuria how transmitted, symtpoms, diagnosis, coomplication

Answer 20

whip worm-type of hookworm (nematode)
Egg hatch in intstine, grow and establish themselves in colon-adult worms are stuck
cause anemia, diarrhoae. (often asymptomatic again)

diagnoses with stool examination

Question 21

What is filaria? exemples how transmitted, symtpoms, diagnosis, coomplication

Answer 21

Type of nematode-lymphatic filiariss-cause elephantiasis
Mainly carried by mosquito and given into blood

diagnoses- can only be in periphery in blood during the night
In day-go to deep veins and cant be seen

Question 22

What is loa loa? how transmitted, symtpoms, diagnosis, coomplication

Answer 22

Loaisis-eye work-worm wiggling into the eye
Transmitted by fly
migrate via subcutaneous tissue and goes to eye–larvae developed and picked up by fly again

Question 23

What are the 2 forms of flatworms(cestodes). how transmitted, symtpoms, diagnosis, coomplication

Answer 23

Taenia is the main group- T saginata, T solium
usually found in poorly kept anials->get it from eating the animal (eggs can surive for motnhs)
Most have no symptoms
T. saginata-> can go up to 10m
Solum/asiatica-3m

cause abdopain, upset stomach, white segments found in stiils (main diagnosis)

Complication: main cause of aqcuiref epilepsy in the world-

Question 24

What are flukes (teramtodes), how transmitted, symtpoms, diagnosis, coomplication

Answer 24

Schistosomas
eggs pass by faeces/urine/fluid -> water (then can infect a lot
release a miricidae, which then has to pass into a snail-> then snail release cercariae that can then penetrate skin

can cause rashes, itchy skin,-after 2 months: fever, chills, cough, muscle ache
again mostly asymptomatic-tranmission easy
adult work-eggs travel to intestine/liver/bladder-causing inflam and scarring
repeated infection have aneamia, malnutrition, etc

diagnosis- stool and urine sample

Question 25

What are Ectoparasites?

Answer 25

Parasites that live on you skin (endoparasite-under)

Question 26

What causes scabies? how transmitted, symtpoms, diagnosis, coomplication

Answer 26

Srcopted scanei- appearance of rashes, and see burrows

Transmitted human to human

Question 27

What are lice? how transmitted, symtpoms, diagnosis, coomplication

Answer 27

severa types- headlice, body, pubic
transmitted human to human
eggs-nymphs-adults -best diagnosed when find nymphs, but can go very fast through cycle and hide well

Question 28

What is Leishmania?

Answer 28

Flagellae parasite-many species can infect humans (eg: infatum)
in cells as amastigote
Or else have flagellae-move towards flagellae
Use Sand flies as vectors-usually meditereans
(small, hairy wings-hop around before bite (silent, unlike moquito)
Infectiosn cause 2 forms of diseases-cutaneous and visceral leichmaniasis

Question 29

What is visceral leichmanisis?

Answer 29

More severe form of disease caused by Leishmania
cause very large liver, spleen fever, weightloss, cough, etc,etc. when develop fever its nearly too late
causes immunosupression

main froms that cause it: L. dinovanie, spread with P.martini

again very high levels of asymptomatic-and dont even have any disease
but with immunocompromised/hiv/malnurtion-develop the disease

often co-infection with HIV-allows parasite to multiply-> very dangerous

Question 30

How do you diagnose visceral leichmanisis? treat?

Answer 30

Need spleen aspirate-cant always be done, especially in rural africa
Base on clinical diagnosis then-fever, liver, enlarged spleen, lymph nodes, etc -> but these arent that specific to leichmanisis -> can be malaria, and people tend to think of that
Antibody detections maybe–but can be from infections way prior -and they could be suffering from something else rn

treat with sodium stuboglunoate, liposomal aphotericin

Question 31

What is post kala-azar dernmal Leishmanisis?

Answer 31

Skin disease that occurs during/after treatment-lesion start around face/mounth-can spread
55% of sudan patient

Question 32

What is cutanous leishmanisis?

Answer 32

3 forms -localised. diffuse, mucocuntanous/mucosa;
Localised-skin damage, leading to ulcers-can be dry/wet with crust
Causes large scars

diffuse-skin lesion but dissemunated - L. aethiopia
lesion full of parasites, form bumps ALL OVER SKIN
looks nearly like leprosy lesion-very discremination
No spontanous healing but constant relapse

Mucocutanous-destroys mucosae of mouth or nouse-causes by L aethioca, L major
Swelling of lips, scarring, damage,
No spontanous healing, constant relapse
again austracised

all use vectors

Question 33

Diagnoses of cutenous leichmanisis? treatment

Answer 33

Take a skin sample and microscopy/culture
serology as well

systemic treatment-sodium sonlagea
But in ethipia-always relase in severe forms of disease