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Microbio Flashcards

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1
Q

catalase positive; coagulase postiive

A

staph aureus

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2
Q

catalase positive; coagulase negative; novobiocin SENSITIVE

A

staph epidermidis

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3
Q

catalase positive; coagulase negative; novobiocin RESISTANT

A

staph saprophyticus

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4
Q

gram positive cocci in ___, ___ hemolytic

golden colonies on blood agar

A

cocci in clusters

beta hemolytic

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5
Q

gold color in staph aureus is due to

A

staphyloxanthin

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6
Q

gram positive bacteria which is salt tolerant in mannitol salt agar

A

s. aureus

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7
Q

usual habitat of staph aureus

A

anterior nares

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8
Q

virulence factor of Staph Aureus

  1. ___ Prevents complement activation
  2. ___ builds an insoluble fibrin capsule
  3. ___ toxic to hematopoietic cells
  4. ___ detoxifies hydrogen peroxide
  5. ___incativates penicillin derivatives
  6. ___specific for WBC
A
  1. Protein A
  2. Coagulase
  3. Hemolysins
  4. Catalase
  5. Pencillinase
  6. PV Leukocidin
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9
Q

___ causes epidermal separation
___ superantigens causing food poisoning
___ superantigen leading to toxic shock syndrome
___ casuses marked necrosis of the skin and hemolysis

A

Exfoliatin
Enterotoxin (heatstable)
TSST-1
Alpha Toxin

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10
Q

Osteomyeltitis and Septic Arthritis forms from _____ spread or local introduction at wound site

A

hematogenous spread

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11
Q

Seen in Osteomyelitis and septic arthritis which is a sequestered focus of osteomyelitis arising in the _______ area of a long bone

A

Brodie abscess seen in the metaphyseal area of the long bone

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12
Q

hours– acute onset of gastroenteritis caused by s. aureus

usually by ingestion of salad made with mayonnaise (potato or tuna salad)

A

4 hours

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13
Q

Scalded Skin Syndrom is also known as

A

Ritter Disease

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14
Q

Scalded Skin Syndrome is caused by which toxin

A

Exfoliatin

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15
Q

MOA of Exfoliatin in Skin Scalded Syndrom

A

Exfoliatin cleaves DESMOGLEIN in desmosome leading to separation of EPIDERMIS from the STRATUM GRANULOSUM

comapred to TEN—> separation occurs in the Dermo-epidermal junction

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16
Q

TSST-1 causes

A

Toxic Shock Syndrome

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17
Q

Seen in tampon using menstruating women or in patients with nasal packing for epistaxis

A

TSS

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18
Q

treatment for Vancomycin Resistant S. aureus

A

Linezolid

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19
Q

Virulence factor in s. aureus that prevents phagocytosis

A

Protein A

  • prevents complement activation, opsonization and phagocytosis
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20
Q

gram positive cocci in clusters, coagulase negative, novobiocin sensitivie

A

s. epidermidis

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21
Q

whitish, non hemolytic colonies on blood agar

A

s. epidermidis

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22
Q

Novobiocin resistant staph?

A

s. saprophyticus

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23
Q

part of the bacteria for adherence and production of biofilms?

A

glycocalyx

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24
Q 
bacteria seen in 
prosthetic heart valves
prosthetic joints
shunts
indwelling catheter
A

s. epidermidis

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25
2nd most common cause of UTI in sexually active women
s. saprophyticus
26
treatment of s. saprophyticus
TMP-SMX, quinolones
27
Catalase Negative Alpha Hemolytic Bile-Optochin Sensitive
S. pneumoniae
28
Catalase Negative Alpha Hemolytic Bile-Optochin Resistant
Viridans streptococci
29
Catalase Negative Beta Hemolytic Bacitracin Sensitive
S. pyogenes
30
Catalase Negative Beta Hemolytic Bacitracin Resistanct
S. agalactiae Bacitracin Sensitive -> s. pyogenes
31
catalase negative | gamma hemolytic
group D streptococci
32
positive PYR test ( a test which measures hydrolysis of l-pyrrolidonyl B naphthylamide and release of b-naphthylamine, which in the presence of p-dimethylaminocinnamaldehyde forms a red compound)
S. pyogenes Only positive to s. pyogenes and group d strep
33
what lancefield classification is s. pyogenes
Lancefield group A
34
Virulence factor in streptococci which is also known as SPREADING FACTOR
Hyaluronidase
35
Virulence factor that activates plasminogen
Streptokinase/Fibrinolysin
36
Virulence factor that degrades DNA in exudates or necrotic tissue
DNase / streptodornase
37
Streptococci toxin which is responsible for scarlet feve
Erythrogenic toxin
38
A toxin in streptococci which is highly antigenic causes antibody formation
Streptolysin O (oxygen-labile)
39
Oxygen stable toxin in streptococci
Streptolysin S Streptolysin O (oxygen labile)
40
what causes impetigo contagiosa? | what layer of the skin is affected
S. pyogenes | BENEATH the stratum corneum
41
Superficial infection of s. pyogenes extending into the DERMAL LYMPHATICS (take not of the lymphatics extension)
Erysipelas also known as st anthony's fire
42
rapidly progressive infection of s. pyogenes where the deep subcutaneous tissues are affected and what toxin is responsible ____?
- necrotizing fascitis | - exotoxin B
43
disease caused by Pyogenic Exotoxin A
Streptococcal Toxic Shock Syndrom Exotoxin B -> Necrotizing Fascitis
44
Test for susceptibility of scarlet fever
Dick Test
45
Toxin responsible for Scarlet Fever
Erythrogenic Toxin
46
JONES CRITERIA 2 MAJOR 1 MAJOR 2 MINOR
``` MAJOR (PECCS) POLYARTHRITIS ERYTHEMA MARGINATUM CARDITIS CHROEA (SYNDENHAM CHOREA) SUBCUNTANEOUS NODULES ``` ``` MINOR FEVER ARTHRALGIA HIGH ESR POSITIVE STREP ANTIBODY ```
47
Drug of Choice of Rheumatic Fever
Penicillin G
48
beta hemolytic bacitracin resistant lancefield group B CAMP test positive
S. agalactiae
49
S. agalactiae is grown in what medium
Lim broth
50
transmission of s. agalactiae
transplacental | transvaginal
51
most common cause of neonatal pneumonia, sepsis and meningitis
s. agalactiae
52
DOC of S. agalactiae
Penicillin G Penicillin G + Aminoglycoside for serious infection all pregnant women shoul be screened for GBS colonization at 35-37 weeks AOG - chemoprophylaxis is IV Penciillin or Ampicllin for 4 hours prior to delivery
53
Lancefield Group D
Group D strep
54
UTI due to indwelling urinary catheter and urinary tract instrumentation
Group D Strep
55
which Group D strep can grow in 6.5 NaCl
E. faecalis not in S. bovis
56
major virulence factor of Group A Strep
M Protein
57
Virulence Factor in GABHS responsible for the inhibition of activation of complement and protects organisms from phagocytosis
M Protein
58
Responsible for the beta hemolysis of GABHS | Oxygen labile - inactivated by Oxygen
Streptolysin O
59
Alpha hemolytic Bile - Optochin Sensitive (+) quelling reaction
S. pneumoniae
60
Encapsulated Bacteria | Some Killers Have Pretty Nice and Shiny Bodies
``` S. pneumoniae K. pnuemonia H. influenza P. aureginosa N. meningitidis S. typhi B group strep ```
61
Alpha hemolytic | Bile - Optochin Resistant
Viridans Streptococci (S. mutans and S. Sanguis)
62
this type of bacteria enters the bloodstream through dental procedures
Viridans strep specifically s. mutans
63
most common cause of subacute and native valve endocarditis
Viridans strep --> S. sanguis
64
spore forming bacteria
bacillus | clostridium
65
box-car like rods/medusa head morphology
bacillus anthracis
66
one of its transmission is inhalation of spores from animal hair and wool aka Woolsorter's disease
bacillus anthracis
67
virulence factor of bacillus anthracis
poly-d-glutamate
68
Virulence factors of bacillus anthracis
E L P Edema Factor Lethal Factor Protective Antigen
69
treatment of choice for cutaneous anthrax
Ciprofloxacin
70
anaerobic gram positive spore forming showing DOUBLE ZONE HEMOLYSIS on blood agar
c. perfringes
71
can be grown on EGG YOLK AGAR
c. perfringes due to Alpha toxin to easily remember: where do you put the EGG? in the REP "refrigerator" (PERfringes)
72
toxin responsible for gas gangrene in c. perfringes
alpha toxine a lecithinase that cleaves cell membranes
73
transmission of c. difficle
fecal oral route
74
MOA of toxins in c. difficle
Exotoxin A (Enterotoxin) and Exotoxin B (Cytotoxic) inhibits GTPase leading to apoptosis and death of enterocytes leading to PSEUDOMEMBRANES
75
complication of clostridium difficile
pseudomembranous colitis
76
complication of pseudomembranous colitis
toxic megacolon
77
DOC of C. difficle
metronidazole or vanomycin
78
club shaped, comma shaped, chinese characters
corynebacterium diptheriae
79
toxigenicity test for c. diphtheriae
elek test
80
responsible for exotoxin inhibits the protein synthesis by adding ADP-ribose to EF -2 (elongation factor 2)
C. diphtheriae
81
thick gray psuedomembranes on the tonsils an throat
C. diphteriae
82
aerobic, non spore forming, gram + V or L shaped TUMBLING MOTILITY
Listeria monocytogenes
83
transmission of L. monocytogenes
placental, ingestion of UNPASTEURIZED MILK PRODUCTS
84
it causes granulomatosis infantiseptica which is a transplancental transmission characterized as late miscarriage or birth complicated by sepsis, multiorgan abscesses and disseminated granuloma
L. monocytogenes
85
Fast Lactose Fermenters
K E E Klebsiella pneumoniae E. coli Enterobacter
86
Slow Lactose Fermenters
Citrobacter | Serratia
87
encapsulated gram neg bacteria | MALTOSE and GLUCOSE FERMENTERS
Neisseria meningitidis
88
gram neg bacteria Non-maltose fermenters glucose fermenter
Neisseria gonorrhea G for Glucose only
89
Clue of invasive meningococcal infection is seen in this physical examination
Petechial rashes this is due to the release of endotoxinf rom the meningococcus, causing vascular necrosis, an inflam- matory reaction, and hemorrhage into the surrounding skin. Note that the diplococci can be seen (Gram stain) or cultured from biopsies of the petechiae.
90
most severe form of meningoccocemia
Waterhouse-Friderichsen Syndrome Bilateral hemorrhage into the adrenal glands occurs, which causes adrenal insuffi- ciency. Abrupt onset of hypotension and tachycardia oc- curs, along with rapidly enlarging petechial skin lesions. Disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC) and coma may develop. Death can occur rapidly (6-8 hours).
91
DOC for prophylaxis of N. meningitidis infection
rifampin
92
which capsular type of n. meningitidis lacks immunogenicity hence not included in the vaccine? ``` A B C Y W-135 ```
B Prompt treatment with penicillin G or ceftriaxone is required at the first indication of disseminated meningococcemia. Close contacts of an infected patient are treated with rifampin. Immunization with purified capsular polysaccharides from certain strains (groups A, C, Y, and W135) is currently available and used for epidemics and in high-risk groups. The group B poly- saccharide does not induce immunity, so a vaccine is not available at present.
93
Modified Thayer Martin medium contains the following antibiotics
VANCOMYCIN COLISTIN NYSTATIN
94
virulence factor of n. gonorrhea that helps in adherence and prevention of phagocytosis
Pili
95
gonococcal disease in infants
Ophthalmia Neonotarum
96
diagnosis of n. gonorrhea
gram stain seen as intracellular diploccoci
97
treatment of n. gonorrhea
ceftriaxone + doxyclyine for chlamydia coverage
98
culture medium for haemophilus influeza
chocolate agar + factor X (hemin) and factor V (NAD)
99
it confers virulence of H. influenza
polysaccharide capsulle
100
how many types of capsule are there in h. influenza and which is the most virulent?
6 (a, b, c, d, e, f) | Type b - most virulent
101
H. influenza causes these kinds of diseases
``` hEMOPilus influenza EMOP Epiglottitis Meningitis Otitis media Pneumonia ```
102
what are the 4 virulence factor of B. pertussis
1. Pertussis Toxin 2. Extra Cytoplasmic Adenyl Cyclase 3. Filamentous Hemagglutinin 4. Tracheal Cytotoxin
103
``` This b. pertussis toxin is responsible for hitamine sensitization increase in insulin synthesis promotion of LYMPHOCYTOSIS Inhibition of phagocytosis ```
Pertussis Toxin Pertussis toxin: Like many bacterial exotoxins this toxin has a B subunit that Binds to target cell re- ceptors, "unlocks" the cell, allowing entry of the A sub- unit. The A subunit (A for Action) activates cell-membrane-bound G regulatory proteins, which in turn activate adenylate cyclase. This results in an out- pouring of cAMP, which activates protein kinase and other intracellular messengers. The exact role of this toxin in whooping cough is not entirely clear, but it has 3 observed effects: a) histamine sensitization, b) in- crease in insulin synthesis, and c) promotion of lympho- cyte production and inhibition of phagocytosis.
104
Bordatella pertussis toxin responsible for the destruction of ciliated epithelial cells, resulting in impaired clearance of mucus and inflammatory exudates
tracheal cytotoxin this toxin is responsible for the violent cough of pertussis
105
painful genital ulcer often associated with unilateral swollen lymph node that can rupture and release pus
h. ducreyi
106
agar for h. ducreyi
chocolate agar with Factor X (Hematin) Factor X and V for H. influenza
107
most contagious phase in b. pertussis
catarrhal phase
108
treatment for pertussis
erythromycin
109
medium for growing b. pertusiss
bordet gengou medium
110
visualizes using the silver stain
legionella pneumophilia
111
these are the bacteria which invades intracellulary
``` Some Bugs May Live FacultativeLY S B M L F L Y Salmonella Brucella Mycobacterium Legionella Francisella Listeria Yersina ```
112
what are the atypical pneumonia
chlamydia pneumonia mycoplasma pneumonia legionella pneuphilia
113
responsible for pontiac fever
legionella pneumophilia
114
green sheen appearance in MAC agar
e. coli
115
non lactose fermenter which produces H2S gas
salmonella
116
Lactose Fermenter
CKEE (laCtose is KEE) Citrobacter Klebsiella Escherichia Enterobacter
117
Treatment for L. Pneumophiia
Macrolides
118
2nd most common neonatal meningitis
e. coli Neonatal Meningitis (BEL) B group s. agalactiae e. coli listeria monocytogenes
119
what are the toxins in ETEC
heat stable toxin heat labile toxin MOA : inhibits reabsoprtion of Na and Cl which then secretes Cl and HCO3 followed by osmosis
120
toxin in EHEC
shiga-like toxin --> VEROTOXIN MOA : inhibits 60s ribosome causing enetrocyte death
121
test to detect antibody against salmonella
Widal test
122
what is the culture for salmonella
XLD medium
123
salmonella sp responisble of enterocolitis
s. enteritidis | s. typhimurium
124
virulence factor of Typhoid fever caused by_____
Vi (virulence) capsular antigen ; s. typhi
125
where does the s. typhi invade and multiply in the body?
peyer's patches which then spreads to the reticulo-endothelial system
126
incubation period for typhoid fever
5-21 days
127
organ for predilection of invasion of typhoid fever which can result to establishment for chronic carrier state
gall bladder
128
Patient with Osteomyelitis in SPECIFIC CONDITIONS 1. Burns 2. IV Drug Users 3. Sickle Cell Aneia
1. Osteomyelitis in Burns - P. aureginosa 2. Osteomyelitis in IV drug users - S. aureus / P. aureginosa 3. Osteomyelitis in Sickle Cell Anemia - Salmonella choleraesui
129
part of the intestine where shigella sp invade
distal ileum and colon
130
most common cause of bacillary dysentery
shigella sonei - duval's bacillus
131
most severe form of bacillary dysentery
shigella dysenteriae type 1 - shiga bacillus
132
agar for vibrio spp
thiosulfate citrate bile salts sucrose (TCBS)
133
contaminated SEAFOODS
Vibrio parahaemolyticus
134
contaminated SHELLFISH
Vibrio vulnificus
135
MOA of enterotoxin of vibrio sp
enterotoxin (choleragen) acts on ADP-ribosylation
136
pandemic vibrio is caused by
Vibrio cholerae O1 biotype El tor
137
treatment for Cholera - ____ V. parahaemolyticus/vulnificus - ____
Cholera - tetracycline / azithromycin | V. parahaemolyticus/vulnificus - minocycline + fluoroquinolone
138
Watery foul smelling diarrhea followed by bloody stools accompanied by fever and abdominal pain, may mimic ulceratie colitis
campylobacter jejuni
139
disease association of campylobacter jejuni
``` gullain barre syndrome reactive arthritis (reitter's syndrome) ```
140
Reitter's syndrome triad
Urethritis, Uveitis, Arthritis CANT SEE CANT PEE CANT CLIMB A TREE
141
Agar for C. jejuni
Skirrows Agar
142
most common cause of bacterial gastroenteritis
C. jejuni
143
UREASE POSITIVE BACTERIA PaK HU
``` PKHU Particular Kinds Have Urease Proteus mirabilis Klebsiella Pneumoniae Helicobacter pylori Ureaplasma urealyticum ```
144
gram negative urease positive microaerophilic
H. pylori
145
pathogenesis of h. pylori
damages the GOBLET CELLS in the gastric mucosa
146
facultative gram negative rods with LARGE polysaccharide capsule
klebsiella pneumonia
147
currant jelly sputum
klebsiella pneumonia
148
with swarming motitlity
proteus mirabilis
149
complicated UTI associated with nephrolithiasis
proteus mirabilis | UTI with staghorn calculi
150
reponsible for the blue green pigment of pseudomonas aureginosa
pyocyanin (blue) pyoverdin (green) pyorubrin (red)
151
gram negative, OBLIGATE AEROBE, nonlactose fermenting, oxidase positive
pseudomonas aureginosa
152
where to grow klebsiella pneumonia
Cetrimide Agar
153
ventilator acquired pneumonia
pseudomonas aureginosa
154
bacteria found in irrigating solutions and intravenous solutons
Acinetobacter baumanii
155
known as "Undulating Fever" from unpasteurized/ contaminated dairy
Brucella abortus "Bracillosis"
156
aerobic acid fast rods | with high lipid content containing mycolic acid
MTB
157
most important virulence factor in MTB
Cord Factor - inhibits wbc migration - characteristic serpentine pattern - induces TNF-a release
158
virulence factor responsible for the initation of cell mediated immunity leading to caseation and granuloma formation, it also triggers delayed hypersensitivity
tuberculin surface protein
159
hypopigmented plaques, thickened superficial nerves and significant anesthesia with a positive lepromin skin test
tuberculoid leprosy
160
presence with leonine facies with a negative lepromin skin test
lepromatous leprosy
161
anaerobe seen in patients with broken jaw or dental extraction PE: hard, nontender swelling with sinus tracks darining sulfur granules
Actinomyces israelii
162
aerobic, filamentous gram positive rods with AERIAL HYPHAE | weakly acid fast ( FITE-FARACO)
Nocardia asteroides
163
smallest free living organism
mycoplasma pneumoniae * not seen in gram stain * only bacteria with sterol on cell membrane
164
medium for culture for mycoplasma pneumonia
Eaton agar
165
What bacteria -- one of its pathogenesis is antibodies against red cells (COLD AGGLUTININS) and brain, lung and liver cells
Mycoplasma pnuemonia most common type of atypical pneumonia known as walking pneumonia
166
reason why Treponeman pallidum cannot be cultured in vitro?
this bacteria LACKS tricarboxylic acid cyle (krebs cycle)
167
local, NONTENDER genital ulcer usually forms 2-10 weeks
PRIMARY SYPHILIS --> CHANCRE (NONTENDER) vs H. ducreyi (PAINFUL/TENDER)
168
condyloma lata, maculopapular rash occurs after 1-3months
SECONDARY SYPHILIS
169
GUMMAS can be seen in this stage of syphilis
TERTIARY others seen in tertiary: - Neurosyphilis - Aortitis
170
Neurosyphilis presents with these findings
TABES DORSALIS - Argyll Robertson pupils / Prostitutes Pupils DEMENTIA PARALYTICA
171
Hutchinsons triad in congenital syphilis
1. Hutchinsons teeth 2. Deafness 3. Keratitis
172
Other findings in congenintal syphilis
Snuffles/Saddle nose Saber shins Mulberry molars
173
Nontreponemal tests for syphilis
these are screening tests, easy to perform, low cost - VDRL (detects flocculation) - RPR
174
Treponemal tests
``` Confirmatory measures antibody - T pallidum immunoasay - FTA-ABS (MOST SPECIFIC, EARLIEST POSITIVE,REMAINS POSITIVE THE LONGEST) - TP-PA - * western blot ```
175
False Positive VDRL results
``` V D R L Viruses (EBV, Hepatitis) Drugs (Marijuana) Rheumatic Fever, RA Lupus, Leprosy ```
176
Treatment of syphilis
Benzathine Pen G
177
Influenza like symptoms few hours after receiving penicillin due to lysis of treponemes
Jarisch-Herxheimer Reaction
178
what is the basis of antigenicity for nontreponemal tests?
cardiolipin-lecithin
179
largest medically important bacteria
Borrelia burgdorferi
180
medium for growth for b. burgdorferi
BSK medium
181
Lyme disease is transferred from
bite of DEER ticks - Ixodes scapularis, Ixodes pacificus
182
Spectrum of disease of Lyme Disease
Stage 1 - ERYTHEMA CHRONICUM MIGRANS Stage 2 - Myocarditis, AV Block Stage 3 - Autoimmune Migratory Polyarthritis (Onion Skin Lesions), Acrodermititis chronica atrophicans
183
thin coiled spirochetes that looks like a shepered crooks
Leptospira interrogans
184
Medium for L. interrogans
Ellinghausen-McCullough-Johnson-Harris (EMJH) medium or FLETCHER medium
185
Pathogenesis of L. interrogans
Penetration of INTACT mucus membrane or penetration of small cuts through skin which then multiply and damages endothelium of small blood vessels
186
gold standard for identification of l. interrogans
Miroscopic Agglutination Test
187
Acute Leptospiremic phase
fever chills intense headache - calf tenderness (due to rapid multiplication of leptospires in muscle with high oxygen tension - conjunctival suffusion (damage and leaky conjunctial vessels_
188
Weil syndrome triad
1. jaundice 2. bleeding 3. uremia Most severe form of leptosirosis

Microbio PLE (2 decks)

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