Microbio Exam 1 Flashcards
(151 cards)
1
Q
Why is defining the field of Microbiology difficult?
A
It includes research on several different subjects of science.
2
Q
3 Domains of life
A
Bacteria, archaea, and eukarya
3
Q
3 categories in eukarya
A
Protozoa, algae, and fungi
4
Q
The 2 classes of nomenclature that name the microbe
A
Genus and species
5
Q
Infectious RNAs only (just nucleic acids)
A
Viroids
6
Q
Infectious proteins
A
Prions
7
Q
Microbes impact human culture without detection
A
10,000BCE-1660sCE
Diseases are contagious
Black death
8
Q
Early microscopy and the origin of microbes
A
1660sCE-1880sCE
Microscopes invented
First attempts at vaccine
Handwashing
Evidence against spontaneous generation
9
Q
Golden age of microbiology
A
1850s-1910s
Sanitation and epidemiology
antisepsis
first artificial vaccines
specific microbes cause specific disease
gram staining
viruses are proposed
unique bacterial metabolism
10
Q
After the golden age
A
1900s-present
Biochem, genetics, medicine
molecular biology
microbial discovery
genomics and medicine
11
Q
Made microscope and observed cells
A
Robert Hooke
12
Q
Single lens magnifier, observed single cell microbes, father of microbiology
A
Antonie van Leeuwnhoek
13
Q
Sterilized seal flask of meat = no bacterial growth
Bacterial fission
Biogenesis
A
Lazzaro Spallanzani
14
Q
Had S curve flask
Concluded that spontaneous generation is not true
A
Louis Pasteur
15
Q
Guy who found endospores can be killed
A
John Tyndall
16
Q
Idea that living microbes arise spontaneously
A
Spontaneous generation
17
Q
The development of life from preexisting life
A
Biogenesis
18
Q
Specific disease are caused by specific microbes
A
Germ theory of disease
19
Q
Scientific method or criteria used to determine if a specific organism causes a disease
A
Koch’s postualtes
20
Q
Needed techniques for isolating bacteria
A
Pure cultures grown from a single colony of bacteria and gram staining
21
Q
Significance of Jenner’s discovery
A
Used cowpox instead of human smallpox. Saw that the milkmaids had different pox than human smallpox because of their job.
This realization led to the start of preventative measures for contagious diseases
22
Q
Discovered hand washing can prevent uterine infection post-birth
A
Ignaz Semmelweis
23
Q
Used chemical treatment of surgical instruments to prevent transmission
A
Joseph Lister
24
Q
Identified a chemical antimicrobial drug. Also had theory of immunity
A
Paul Ehrlich
25
Our bodies make compounds to fight pathogens (antibodies)
Theory of Immunity
26
Discovers penicillin
Alexander Fleming
27
Studied microbes in their natural habitats
Developed media to grow some microbes while excluding others
Discovered bacteria (lithotrophs) can use inorganic molecules
Sergei Winogradsky
28
Chromosome shape of bacteria
Circular
29
Bacteria flagellar motion and where the energy comes from
Rotary, proton motive force
30
Is the outer membrane of bacterial cells gram negative or positive?
Gram negative
31
Eukaryote chromosome shape
linear
32
Eukaryote flagellar motion, and what energy it uses
Whip-like, ATP
33
Larger cell engulfed smaller bacterial cells, became a symbiotic relationship
Endosymbiosis
34
Evidence for endosymbiosis
Mitochondria and chloroplasts.
Double membranes
Resemble bacteria in shape and size
Bacterial-like genomes
Ribosomes like prokaryotes (this is why mitochondria and chloroplasts are 70S, 50S, 30S even though they are in eukaryotes. The eukaryotic ribosome size in cytoplasm is 80S, 40S, and 60S, though).
35
Bacilli
Rods
36
Spirochetes
Long corkscrew
37
Cocci
Spheres
38
Vibrio
Commas
39
Spirilla
Short spirals or helical
40
Strepto
Linear chains
41
Diplo
Pairs
42
Tetrads
4, shaped in a square
43
Sarcinae
8, shaped in a cube
44
Stapylo
Clusters
45
What shape would streptobacilli be?
Linear rods
46
Layers of bacterial cell envelope (from outer to inner)
Lipopolysaccharide
Outer membrane
Cell wall
Periplasm
Innermembrane
47
Moves nutrients with the concentration gradient
passive transport
48
Diffusion across the phospholipids
Simple diffusion
49
Diffusion where protein channel or carrier is used
Facilitated diffusion
50
Moves against concentration gradient, low to high concentration. Requires energy input
Active transport
51
What types of molecules can easily cross the lipid bilayer?
Hydrophobic, small, uncharged
52
ABC transporters
A type of transporter used for transporting nutrients. ATP dependent (needs to hydrolyze ATP to work)
53
Influx
Into cell
54
Efflux
Out of cell
55
Group Translocation
Transported molecules couple with other molecules inside to hydrolyze ATP. Transported molecules get chemically transformed.
56
Uses energy directly from an existing chemical gradient
Coupled transport
57
Symport
Same direction
58
Antiport
Opposite directions
59
The diffusion of water across a selectively permeable membrane
Osmosis
60
Equal concentrations inside and outside of cell
Isotonic
61
Higher salt concentration outside of cell, and higher water concentration inside cell. Water moves from inside cell to out
Hypertonic
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Low salt concentration outside of cell and low water concentration of water inside cell. Water moved from outside cell to inside
Hypotonic
63
When water leaves cell and makes it shrivel up
Plasmolysis
64
When water enters the cell so much that is bursts
Lysis
65
What type of environments are most bacteria found?
Isotonic
66
Why is salt a useful food preservative?
When food is salted, it shrivels up, and bacteria cannot grow.
67
How do eukaryotes typically secrete proteins?
Exocytosis + endocytosis (endomembrane system)
68
Order that exocytosis dumps molecules out of cell
Rough ER
Golgi
Vesicle
Outside
69
Order that Endocytosis brings nutrients into the cell and then releases them
Cell membrane
endoscope
primary lysosome/golgi
food particles digested
products of digestion
outside
70
What is peptidoglycan made of?
Sugar molecules (glycan chains) and amino acids (short peptides)
71
What other component has similar functions as a cell wall?
Cytoskeleton
72
How do microbial cells without cell walls adapt?
Live in isotonic environment
73
Inhibit formation of the peptide chains (enzyme inhibitor) e.g. penicillin
Beta-lactams
74
Human enzyme that breaks down the glycan chain. Found in sweat, tears, and saliva
Lysozyme
75
Why are lysozymes found in sweat, tears, and saliva?
The are present in areas that microbes can get in, so it is protection from microbes. Think of pores, eyes, mouth, anything with an entry point for microbes
76
Stains purple
Gram positive
77
Stains pink/red
Gram negative
78
Why does gram positive stain purple?
Because there are several, thick layers of peptidoglycan which absorbs the purple
79
Negative charge, many roles in cell division and cell morphology, adhesion, in gram positive cell
Teichoic acids
80
Attach to cell membrane, in gram positive cell
Lipoteichoic acids
81
Found antibodies in streptococci testing
Rebecca Lancefield
82
Big indicator of gram negative cell wall
Double membrane
83
Do lipoproteins attach to outermembrane in gram negative or gram positive?
Gram negative
84
Substance between the two membranes of gram negative cell wall
periplasm
85
Why do you feel worse before you feel better when taking an antibiotic for a gram Negative bacteria?
When you kill the bacteria, they release a toxins which make you feel bad before the bacteria is completely gone
86
3 components of Lipopolysaccharides (LPS)
Lipid A- endotoxin
Core polysaccharide
O polysaccharide (O antigen)
87
Things that are recognized as antibodies by immune system
antigen
88
Gram-positives are generally more susceptible to cell wall inhibotors. Why?
Their thick peptidoglycan wall is very porous and can absorbed things better
89
Is the mycobacterial envelope structure closer to gram positive or gram negative?
Gram positive
90
Describe bacterial classes that do not gram-stain well and why
Mycobacterial envelope- Their waxy phenolic glycolipids are hard for stain to penetrate
91
Why are mycobacterium hard to treat/take a while to get rid of?
Waxy phenolic glycolipids are hard for antibiotics to penetrate
92
How do we ID mycobacterium
Acid-fast staining (mycolic acid)
93
Two big human pathogens that are mycobacterium (think of hard to get rid of diseases)
Mycobacterium tuberculosis (TB)
Mycobacterium leprae (leprosy)
94
Term for many shapes
Pleomorphic
95
If mycoplasma lack a cell wall, what do they have?
Only cell membrane, not peptidoglycan or outer membrane
96
Sheets of protein or glycoprotein lattice outside the peptidoglycan in some bacteria. Helps strengthen cell wall and can be virulence factor for pathogens
S-layers
97
Archaea cell walls
S-layers
Pseudomurein
Protein sheaths
Methanochondroitin
98
Algae cell walls
Polysaccharides(cellulose or pectins)
Sometimes silica or calcium
99
Fungi cell walls
Polysaccharides (often chitin) and glycoproteins
100
DNA that is supercoiled and organized into loops
Bacterial DNA
101
DNA that is organized into chromatin
Eukaryotic DNA
102
How many membranes does a eukaryotic cell NUCLEUS have?
2
103
Platforms for protein synthesis (translation)
Ribosomes
104
Prokaryotic sedimentation values
70S=50S+30S
105
Eukaryotic sedimentation values
80S=60S+40S
106
Ability to attach to a substrate/surface
Adherence
107
Allow attachment to happen, attaches to cell membrane and sticks out
Pili
108
Short attachment pili
Fimbriae
109
DNA transfer between cells
Conjugation (sex) pilus
110
Something that contributes to a microbe's degree of pathogenicity
Virulence factor
111
Membranous extensions of cytoplasm, secrete adhesion factors(holdfasts)
Stalks
112
Moving toward or away from light
Phototaxis
113
Moving toward or away from a chemical signal(can be beneficial or harmful)
Chemotaxis
114
Polar Flagellum
On one or both ends
115
Peritrichous Flagellum
Scattered all over cell
116
Direction that moves cell toward attractant
Counterclockwise
117
Direction that moves cell away from attractant
Clockwise
118
Random bias walk
cell tumbles from direction to direction until it finds the right direction
119
Sugar shell made mostly of polysaccharides
Glycocalyx
120
Neatly organized, firmly attached
Capsule
121
Unorganized, soft, loose
Slime layer
122
Specialized membranes are often
Phototrophs
123
Aquatic bacteria inflate/deflate for buoyancy
Gas vesicles
124
Storage of nutrients
Storage granules
125
Store magnetite (iron oxides) for magnetotaxis
Magnetosomes
126
Aggregates in the cytoplasm, often proteins
inclusions
127
Central catabolism can be completed by either...
Respiration or fermentation
128
Input and output of Glycolysis
Input: 1 Glucose
2 ATP
Output: 4 ATP (net 2)
2 NADH
2 Pyruvate
129
Is there carbon loss in glycolysis?
No
130
Entner-Doudoroff Pathway net gains
2 pyruvate
1 ATP
1 NADH
1 NADPH
131
Pentose phosphate pathway net gains
Intermediates for biosynthesis
1 ATP
2 NADPH
132
Light energy is absorbed to make high-energy molecules that donate electrons to acceptor
Phototrophy
133
High-energy food molecules that donate electrons to acceptor
Chemotrophy
134
Final electron acceptor is oxygen
Aerobic
135
Final electron acceptor is NOT oxygen
Anaerobic
136
Is anaerobic or aerobic more efficient
Aerobic, makes more ATP
137
Breaking reactions, energy released overall (- delta G)
Catabolism
138
Building reactions, energy consumed (+ delta G)
Anabolism
139
Biological catalysts that speed up reactions without being changed
Enzymes
140
End-product of a metabolic pathway inhibits the activity of an enzyme used in that pathway
Feedback regulation
141
The benefits of multi-step pathways
Better regulation and specificity, and an intermediate for one step can be an intermediate for another
142
Intermediate in catabolism directly provides energy (and phosphate) to ADP
Substrate-level phosphorylation
143
Oxidation (breakdown) of nutrients creates proton motive force, which drives ATP synthase(respiration)
Oxidative phosphorylation
144
Light energy creates a proton motive force, which drives ATP synthase
Photophosphorylation
145
Common electron carriers
ATP and NADH
146
Series of oxidoreductase enzymes
Electron transport chains
147
Can use this process when the final electron acceptor for respiration isn't available or the organism lacks part of Krebs or ETC
Fermentation
148
Goal of Fermentation
To regenerate NAD+ to go back to glycolysis input to keep glycolysis going
149
1 step, lactic acid is reduced
Lactic acid fermentation
150
2 steps, pyruvic acid is converted to acetaldehyde, which is then reduced to ethanol
Ethanol fermentation
151
Why are there bubbles in beer?
Ethanol fermentation; CO2 is released in the first step
