Microbio parasites

Question 1

What are key concepts of parasites? (5)

Answer 1

live in or on their host
smaller than their host
parasites reduce host biological fitness
typically don't kill host
reproduce at a faster rate than their host

Question 2

What are the benefits from the host? (4)

Answer 2

food, habitat, protection from environment

transmission

Question 3

Predilection site

Answer 3

preferred site in or on the host

Question 4

aberrant site

Answer 4

site in or on a host which is not a normal location

Question 5

Why are parasites so successful? (6)

Answer 5

many modes of infection
multiple offspring
periaparturient rise
offspring in food of many hosts
avoid immune system

Question 6

Modes of infection (4)

Answer 6

oral
skin penetration
injection
transplacental

Question 7

Direct lifestyle (4)

Answer 7

1 host required to complete life cycle
stages in the hose and the environment
host specific or broad spectrum
definitive host (preferred host)

Question 8

indirect lifestyle (5)

Answer 8

2 or most hosts required to complete the life cycle
host specific or broad host spectrum
final host= sexual reproduction
intermediate host
stages in hosts and the environment

Question 9

paratenic host

Answer 9

preferred host

Question 10

aberrant host

Answer 10

wrong host, migration

Question 11

dead end host

Answer 11

the parasite can’t reproduce or develop in the host and dies

Question 12

transport host

Answer 12

used for migration

Question 13

characteristics of sexual reproduction (4)

Answer 13

genetic diversity
longer life cycle
must have at least 2 parasites (male and female)
mutations= resistance

Question 14

characteristics of asexual reproduction (3)

Answer 14

lack of genetic diversity
short life cycle
one is enough to reproduce

Question 15

parasite-host balance
parasite effect (3)

Answer 15

number of parasites
location of parasites, migration
transmission

Question 16

parasite-host balance host effects (4)

Answer 16

previous exposure
type or host response (inflammatory, immune)
nutritional status
age

Question 17

parasite-host balance environment effects (4)

Answer 17

factors that increase parasites or hypobiosis (arrest) or decrease host immunity
management
geographical location
weather

Question 18

-iasis

Answer 18

presence of parasite

Question 19

-osis

Answer 19

disease caused by the parasite

Question 20

characteristics of helminths (3)

Answer 20

Parasitic or non-parasitic
live extracellularly
passive or active ingestion of nutrients, nutrients stored as glycogen

Question 21

What is the phylum and class of roundworms?

Answer 21

phylum Nemathelminthes
class Nematoda

Question 22

what is the phylum of flatworms?

Answer 22

Platyhelminthes

Question 23

what is the class of tapeworms?

Answer 23

Cestoda

Question 24

what is the class of flukes?

Answer 24

Trematoda

Question 25

Sexual reproduction of helminths (3)

Answer 25

``` some are hermaphroditic egg laying (oviparous) or lay live young (viviparous) don't multiply in the host- offspring must leave host ```

Question 26

characteristics of nematodes (5)

Answer 26

``` free-living or parasitic (soil, plant, animal) elongate and cylindrical alimentary canal present sexes usually separate life cycle direct or indirect ```

Question 27

nematode mode of infection (4)

Answer 27

orally, percutaneous, transmammary, transplacental

Question 28

types of hosts for nematodes (3)

Answer 28

final/definative intermediate vectors, paratenic

Question 29

direct life cycle of nematodes

Answer 29

``` infective larva (L3) infective larva in egg (L2) ```

Question 30

indirect life cycle of nematodes

Answer 30

L1 infective to intermediate host | L3 to the final host

Question 31

How nematodes ensure offspring get in a host (4)

Answer 31

periparturient rise survival of eggs with larva paratenic hosts transmammary, transplacental

Question 32

Example of a nematode

Answer 32

Ancylostoma canium

Question 33

Characteristics of A. canium (9)

Answer 33

``` round, elongated males and females buccal cavity with teeth 1-2 cm long has bursa host= dog many modes of infection food= blood direct life cycle ```

Question 34

what is the prediliction site for A. canium?

Answer 34

adults= small intestine | larvae migrate in lungs

Question 35

what are the modes of infeciton for A. canium? (5)

Answer 35

``` percutaneous or penetration of oral mucosa orally paratenic host transplacental transmammary ```

Question 36

Effects of A. canium infection (2)

Answer 36

acute or chronic hemorrhagic anemia | moist ecxema with percutaneous infection

Question 37

acute infection clinical signs of A. canium (3)

Answer 37

anemia and lassitude respiratory disease (pneumonia) diarrhea (blood and mucus)

Question 38

chronic infection clinical signs of A. canium (2)

Answer 38

weight loss | poor hair coat

Question 39

Characteristics of cestodes (6)

Answer 39

``` flat body without body cavity strobila (body) head (scolex with 4 suckers), neck and proglottids (segments) hermaphroditic (each proglottid) no alimentary canal indirect life cycle several types of larval stages ```

Question 40

Characteristics of Cyclophyllidea (3)

Answer 40

one intermediate host organs of attachment associates with scolex and suckers egg contains an oncosphere

Question 41

example of a cestode

Answer 41

Taenia solium

Question 42

characteristics of T. solium (4)

Answer 42

flat hermaphrodites final host= intestine, rare clinical signs intermediate host can have clinical signs

Question 43

final host and intermediate host of T. solium

Answer 43

``` final= humans intermediate= pigs ```

Question 44

Characteristics of trematodes? (6)

Answer 44

``` dorso-ventrally flattened, leaf-like two suckers for attachment: oral and ventral suckers hermaphroditic can cross-reproduce heavy large eggs for sedimentation operculated eggs ```

Question 45

Final hosts, intermediate host, second intermediate hosts of trematodes?

Answer 45

final= sheep, cattle, humans. can be cats and dogs intermediate= snail 2nd intermediate= rat, frog, snake, crayfish

Question 46

Location of adult trematodes

Answer 46

species dependent | rumen, liver, lungs, blood, kidney

Question 47

Example of trematode

Answer 47

Fasciola hepatica

Question 48

Class monogenea

Answer 48

ecoparasitic flatworms | Phylum platyhelminthes

Question 49

characteristics of monogenea (6)

Answer 49

found on skin, fins and gills of fish. also on frogs, reptiles and hippos (in eye) no true body cavity or coelom can be large (2-3 cm) or microscopic simple digestive system: mouth, pharynx, intestine. no anus poorly developed suckers, attachment via hooks hermaphroditic, mostly produce eggs, some viviparous

Question 50

example of Monogenea

Answer 50

Udonella spp.

Question 51

Udonella Spp.

Answer 51

lost attachment hooks during evolution, use suckers live on copeopds, which live on fish eat off fish, not host= ectocommensals

Question 52

Ectoparasitic mite

Answer 52

Demodex

Question 53

demodex

Answer 53

diagnosed from a deep skin scrape | species specific

Question 54

Phylum Acanthocephala characteristics (7)

Answer 54

``` thorny-headed worms adult stage is in digestive tract not pathogenic complex lives lost many organs and structures no mouth or digestive system- absorbs nutrients from digested gut contents via integument can me large, over 10 cm ```

Question 55

What do Acanthocephala infect? (5)

Answer 55

``` invertebrates birds amphibians fish mammals ```