microbiology

Question 1

ACDP

Answer 1

Advisory committee on dangerous pathogens

Provides information of the risks of exposure of pathogens

Question 2

attenuated vaccine

Answer 2

type of vaccine where the pathogen has been weakened but it is enough to form a protective immune response against it and not cause harm to the host

Question 3

antimicrobial peptide

Answer 3

small peptides existing in nature

produced as defence mechanism against pathogens

Question 4

bacteriophage

Answer 4

virus that infects bacteria

Question 5

binary fission

Answer 5

asexual reproduction

separation of cell body into two separate cells

Question 6

capsid

Answer 6

protein shell that encloses nucleic acid in viruses

Question 7

conjugate vaccine

Question 8

CoSHH

Answer 8

control of substances hazardous to health. it is a risk assessment to identify hazards in a work place and to assess + control the risks

Question 9

direct contact transmission

Answer 9

infectious agent spread from reservoir to susceptible host via direct contact (skin to skin, kissing, body lesions)

Question 10

disinfection

Answer 10

reduction/removal of microbial contamination from inanimate object, surface/material to low levels = not infectious

Question 11

D value

Answer 11

time taken at a certain temperature to reduce population of exposed MO by 90% or achieve a 1-log reduction

Question 12

endotoxin

Answer 12

lipopolysaccharides found in Gram -ve bacteria cell wall

Question 13

epidemic

Answer 13

epi – above
demos – people

New cases of disease, in given population + during given period, exceed expected on recent experience

Question 14

eukaryote

Question 15

exotoxin

Answer 15

group of soluble proteins secreted by bacterium

Question 16

exponential phase

Answer 16

growth rate of cell gradually increase at a constant rate

Question 17

fungi

Question 18

gastroenteritis

Answer 18

bacterial/viral infection causing inflammation in the stomach + intestines causing diarrhoea, nausea and fever

Question 19

in vitro

Answer 19

latin - within the glass

procedures that happen outside of a living organism

Question 20

in vivo

Answer 20

research done within organism

Question 21

ionising radiation

Question 22

lag phase

Answer 22

initial period in bacterial population when cells adjust before going into exponential growth

Question 23

membrane filtration

Answer 23

method to separate particles in liquid solutions or gas mixtures

Question 24

minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC)

Answer 24

lowest concentration of antibiotic that inhibits growth of bacteria

Question 25

mycoses

Answer 25

fungal infection invading tissues causing a disease

Question 26

outer membrane

Answer 26

outer barrier that is permeable to certain substances. it is composed of proteins, phospholipids and lipopolysaccharides

Question 27

peptidoglycan

Answer 27

a rigid envelope surrounding cytoplasmic membrane of bacterial cells

Question 28

prokaryote

Answer 28

a unicellular organism that lack nucleus and other membrane bound organelles

Question 29

parasite

Answer 29

an organism that relies on its host to survive such as food

Question 30

stationary phase

Answer 30

decline of bacterial growth due to nutrient depletion + waste products starting to accumulate

Question 31

sterilisation

Answer 31

a biocidal agent/physical process to remove/kill all microorganisms

Question 32

virus

Answer 32

an infectious agent that replicates itself in a host

Question 33

zoonosis

Answer 33

infectious disease that is able to transfer from mammals to humans

Question 34

pasteurisation

Question 35

autoclave

Question 36

terminal sterilisation

Question 37

disinfectant

Question 38

thermocouple

Answer 38

measures temperature. consist of two wires of different metals joined together

Question 39

autoclave tape

Answer 39

adhesive tape to determine whether sterilisation has be processed. take has chemical indicator that changes colour after temperature exposure

Question 40

browne’s tube

Answer 40

used it sterilisation. as sterilisation process starts, the tube will turn red to yellow to green to show sterilisation stages