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Microbiology Flashcards

(96 cards)

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1
Q

What is a pathogen?

A

An organism that causes or is capable of causing disease

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2
Q

What is a commensal?

A

an organism which colonises the host but causes no disease in normal circumstances

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3
Q

What is an opportunistic pathogen?

A

A microbe which only causes diseases if its host organism is compromised

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4
Q

Define pathogenicity/ virulence

A

The degree to which a given organism is pathogenic

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5
Q

Does microbacteria stain with gram?

A

No

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6
Q

What is the stain of gram positive

A

Purple

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7
Q

What is the stain of gram negative

A

Red

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8
Q

Name G+ coccus chain bacteria family

A

Streptococcus

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9
Q

Name G+ coccus cluster bacteria family

A

Staphylococcus

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10
Q

Name a G+ coccus pair bacteria family

A

Enterococcus

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11
Q

What type of bacteria is staphlococcus?

A

Gram postive coccus cluster

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12
Q

What type of bacteria is streptococcus?

A

Gram positive cocus chains

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13
Q

What type of bacteria is enterococcus?

A

G+ coccus pair

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14
Q

What type of bacteia is s. pyogenes?

A

Group A, beta haemolytic streptococci (G+ cocci chains)

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15
Q

What type of bacteria is s. pneuomiae

A

G+ streptococcus (coccus chain), alpha haemolysis- optochin sensitive

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16
Q

What type of bacteria is s. aureus?

A

G+ staphlococcus (coccus cluster), coagulase test positive

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17
Q

What is the test used to distinguis between staphlococcus classes

A

Coagulase test

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18
Q

Name the bacteria which is G+, cluster coccus and is coagulase test positve

A

S. aureus
- Impetigo, endocarditisis and septiciemia

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19
Q

Name 2 bacteria which are G+, cluster coccus and are coagulase test negative

A

S. epidermidis
S. saprophyticus

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20
Q

Is S. aureus coagulase positive or negative?

A

Positive

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21
Q

Which test is used to differentiate between streptococcus members

A

Haeomolysis on blood agar

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22
Q

What is the colour of beta haemolysis of streptococcus and an example

A

It is complete lysis forming yellow/ transparent agar
S. pyogenes

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23
Q

What is the colour of alpha haemolysis of streptococcus

A

It is partial lysis (greening) and is dark green on agar plate

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24
Q

Is S. pneumoniae optochin test sensitive or resistent

A

Sensitive

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25
Give an example of alpha- haemolysis of streptococcus
Viridans strept S. pneuomoniae
26
Is S. pnueomoniae staphlococcus or streptococcus?
Streptococcus
27
Name 3 types of bacteria in the staphlococcus family
S. aureus S. epidermidis S. saprophyticus
28
Name 2 members of viridans strep (optochin resistant)
S. sanguinis and S. oralis in infective endocarditis
29
Name 4 types of bacteria in the streptococcus family
S. pyogenes - alpha haemolysis a antigen group S. agalactiae - alpha haemolysis b antigen group S. pneuomoniae - optochin sensitive -beta haemolysis S. sanguinis - viridans strep - b haemolysis S. oralis - viridans strep - b haemolysis
30
Name 3 types of G+ aerobic bacilli bacteria
1. Listeria monocytogenes 2. Bacillus anthracis 3. Coryne bacterium diphtheriae
31
Name 3 types of G+ anaerobic bacilli bacteria
Clostridia 1. C. difficile 2. C. tetani 3. C. botulinum
32
What type of bacteria is N. gonorrhoea and N. menigitidis?
Gram negitive cocci
33
Give another example of gram negative coccus
N. gonorrhoea and N. menigitidis M.catarrhalis
34
Is shingella lactose or non-lactose fermenting
non-lactose fermenting
35
Wht test is used to distinguis between salmonella and shingella
serum H antigen (shingella is H-)
36
What type of bacteria is E.coli?
G-, lactose fermenting bacteria with simple growth conditons bacillus aerobic
37
What type of bacteria is K. pnuemoniae?
G-, lactose fermenting bacteria with simple growth conditions bacillus
38
Give an example of lactose fermenting gram negative bacillus
E. coli and K. pneuomonia
39
What type of bacteria is salmonella
Gram negative, aerobic, non-lactose fermenting bacillus aerobic
40
What type of agar plate is used for parvobacteria and H. pylori
Choc agar
41
What is parvobacteria and give 2 examples?
G-, aeorbic bacilli with fastidious growth condions haemophillic influenza, brucella, campylobacter jejuni, bordatella pertussus, legionella pnuemophillia
42
Give a specific example of salmonella bacteria
S. enterica S. typhi S. paratyphi
43
Give an example of Shingella
S. dysenteriae
44
What colour is lactose fermenting bacteria on MacConkey
Pink - e.coli
45
What type of bacteria is H. pylori
G-, bacillus with fastidious growth conditions - aerobic
46
What colour is non-lactose fermenting bacteria on MacConkey agar
Pale pink- salmonella, shingella, p. mirabilis
47
What test is used for mycobacteria?
Ziehl-Neelsen test
48
Name differences between G- and G+ bacteria
G+: thick peptidoglycan G- : thin peptidoglycan G+: no LPS G-: LPS G+ exotoxin G- endotoxin
49
Give an example of a mycobacteria
m. tubercolosis m. leprae
50
Summarise properties of mycobacteria
Slow growing, aerobic, acid fast, non-spore forming, non motile bacilli
51
What stain is used for mycobacteria
Ziehl-Neelson stain
52
What is the positve staining result for mycobacteria
Red with ziehl-neelson stain (Alcohol and acid fast bacteria)
53
What makes mycobacteria resistant to gram staining
High lipid content in cell wall (mycolic acid)
54
What is the general speed onset of diseases caused by mycobacteria?
Gradual onset due to slow =growing bacterium
55
What are the diagnostic tests used for TB
-PCR nucleic acid test: rapid, from sputum analysis -Tuberculin skin test: tests the immune response (t memory cells) as a diagnostic test
56
Differences between yeast and mould
Yeast: small, unicellular, reproduce asexually by budding Mould: multicellular hyphae, reproduce via spores
57
Example of a yeast and of a mould
Yeast: candidiasis (c. glabrata = thrush) Mould: aspergillus
58
3 examples of fungal infection
athletes foot (tinea pedia) vulvovaginal candidiasis nappy rash
59
Main class of treatment for fungal infections
Azoles: eg fluconazole
60
Define a virus
Is an infectious, obligate intracellular parasite (completely dependent on living cells for their replication and existance)
61
What type of bacteria is staphlococcus?
G+ coccus clusters
62
What type of bacteia is s. pyogenes?
G+ streptococcus (coccus chains) aerobic beta haemolytic antigen A
63
What are the properties of a virus?
No organelles, DNA AND RNA, cell wall Not alive Dependent on host cell Genetic material covered by protein capsule
64
How are virus' genetic material stored?
In protein capsule/ membrane
65
What is the name given to viruses outside their host cells?
Virions
66
Describe the process of viral replication
1. Attachement onto a specific receptor 2. Entry into cell 3. Host cell/ virus interaction and replication 4. Translation of viral RNA 5. Virion assembly 6. Release of new virus particles
67
Name the 5 ways in which a virus can cause disease and an example for each
Direct destruction of host cell - HIV, polio Over-reaction of immune system - rotavirus Modification of immune system - Het B Evasion of host defences - varicella zoster virus Damage through cell proliferation- HPV
68
What is the primary infection and reactivation of varicella zoster virus?
PI- chicken pox 2nd- shingles/ herpes zoster
69
What does epstien barr virus cause?
mononucleosis (glandular fever)
70
How many viruses are apart of the verpesviridae family?
8 herpesviruses
71
What does s.pyogenes cause?
Scarlet fever- Strep throart Impetigo
72
What is primary vaccine failure?
Persone doesnt develop immunity from vaccine
73
What is seconday vaccine failure?
Person initially develops immunity but it wanes after time
74
Give examples of notifiable diseases
Rubella, mumps, measels, diphtheria, leprosy, malaria
75
What is the Ddx to epstein barr virus?
s. pyogenes -> white/ yellow pusulent over tonsils
76
How to diagnose EBV?
black charcoal swab- exclude s. pyogenes FBC- atypical lymphocytes EBV serology - elisa and PCR
77
What are the 2 main techniques used to diagnose viruses?
PCR and serology (eg elisa/ immunofluorescent)
78
What colour is the diagnostic swab for bacteria and viruses
black and green respectively
79
What are antibiotics?
Drugs that work by bindign to a target site in bacteria
80
What are the main 4 classes of antibiotics?
Cell wall synthesis Nucleic acid synthesis Protein synthesis Folate synthesis
81
What are the 2 groups of cell wall synthesis antibiotics?
Beta lactans and glycopeptides
82
Give examples of beta lactan antibiotics
penicillin - flucloxacillin - amoxicillin - co-amoxiclav cephalosporins -cefuroxime - cefotaxime carbapenems (meropenem)
83
What is vancomycin?
glycopeptide cell wall synthesis AB Uses: G+ bacteria w pen allergy or resistance/ MRSA/ enterococci
84
What is vancomycin?
glycopeptide cell wall synthesis AB Uses: G+ bacteria w pen allergy or resistance/ MRSA/ enterococci
85
What is the antibiotic given for s. aureus?
Flucloxacillin
86
What is the antibiotic given for strep throat and which bacteria may cause this
PO (oral) penicillin Group A, C, G strep
87
What antibiotic is given for pneumonia (s. pneumoniae)
oral amoxicillin (erythromycin or clarithromycin if severe)
88
What is MRSA and which AB can be given for it?
methicillin resistant staphylococcus aureus (flucoxacillin) - give vancomycin IV
89
What is gentamycin used for
g- bacteria, uti
90
What bacteria can cause UTI and which AB for it?
E.coli, klebsella, enterobacteria proteua trimethoprim (nitrofurantoin for lower UTI)
91
Which AB target G- bacteria
gentamycin, ciprofloxacin, trimethoprim, nitrofurantoin
92
Does G+/- bacteria have a thick cell wall
G+
93
What are the 2 classes of AB resistance?
Intrinsic and acquired
94
How may AB resistance be acquired?
Spontaneous mutation and horizontal gene transfer
95
What are th 3 ways genes can be transferred in acquired AB resistance?
Conjugation - plasmid DNA transfer Transformation Transduction
96
What are examples of G + and - AB resistance?
G+ - MRSA (methocillin resistant staph aureus) -> vancomycin - VRE (vancomycin resistance enerococci) -> penicillins

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