microbiology Flashcards
(217 cards)
1
Q
Mycoplasma
A
smallest known bacteria have no cell wall to stain
2
Q
Cocci
A
Spherical
3
Q
Baccili
A
Rod
4
Q
Chromosome
A
contains genetic information. plasmids can also be found
5
Q
Plasmid
A
genetic structure in a cell that can replicate independently of the chromosomes
6
Q
cell wall
A
fidget layer surrounding the cytosplams membrane
7
Q
osmotic barrier
A
Physical proscees in which any solvent moves across a selectively permeable membrane separating two solutions of different concentration
8
Q
phosphorylatic
A
site of energy production
9
Q
Bacteria
A
cell wall peptidelycan
10
Q
Archaea
A
lack of peptidelycan
11
Q
cell appendages
A
a thing that is attached to something larger or more important
12
Q
flagella
A
rotate and are required for motility
13
Q
Pili
A
plasmid transfer
14
Q
Gram negative
A
2-20% make up peptidoglycan
15
Q
Gram positive
A
90% makes up peptidoglycan
16
Q
Aspetic techniques
A
Set of practices used to protect patients from health associated infection and protects health workers from contact with blood, bodily full and tissue
17
Q
Boils kills all cells @
A
100 degrees 30 mins
18
Q
Autoclave
A
120 degrees 30 mins
19
Q
Dry heat
A
150 degrees 30 min
20
Q
Binary fission
A
chromosomes divides to produce two identical copies. copies segregated to opposite ends of the cell and cell wall is laid down the middle of the cell
21
Q
agar solidifies @ x melts y
A
40 100
22
Q
Stages of bacteria
A
Lag
logermitic
stationary phases
decline
23
Q
turbidity
A
measures the relative cloudiness of a liquid
24
Q
Catabolism
A
derived from enzymatic breakdown of organic substrates (what happened when you digest food)
25
anabolism
energy generated from catabolism is sued to synthesis cellular constituents
26
auxotrophs
the ability to an individual species to produced their own cellular components
27
Anerobes
won't grown in present of O2
28
Aerobes
will only grow in the present of O2
29
Facultative anaerobes
will grown in the present of absence of O2
30
Psychrophie
cold loving bacteria (10-20)
31
Mesophiles
20-40
32
Thermophiles
>60
33
extremophiles
organisms that can live in extreme environments
34
Hypertherpolies
90-113 degrees
35
Acidophile
0/06-4
36
alkaliphile
8.5-17
37
Barophile
500atm- 1000atm
38
Halophile
15%-32%
39
Endotoxin-
present inside a bacterial cell that releases when it disintegrates
found in gram NEGATIVE
40
Exotins
released by a living bacterial cell into its surroundings
41
cytotoxins
kills or affects the function of its host cells
42
neurotoxins
interferes with nerve cells
43
Enterotoxins
affects cells lining git tract
44
Virulence factor
is directly involved with causing disease
45
colonisation factor
many be necessary for disease to progress but is not directly involved
46
contact transmission
direct contact
indirect tooth brush
droplet transmission
47
Vehicle
Air, water, food
48
Vector transmission
biology mechancical
49
Protections from infection
skin
mucous membranes
50
Acquired immunity
acquire it over your lifetime
51
antigens
a toxins or foreign substance that induces an immune response in the body
52
Peptidoglycan
the principal component of the cell wall is a unique polysaccharides which gives the cell its characteristic shape and prevents osmotic lysis
53
Osmotic lysis
occurs when a cell bursts due to an osmotic imbalance that causes excess water to diffuse into the cell
54
conjugative transfer
bacteria plasmids is the mos efficient way of horizontal gene spread
55
chemotrophs
derive energy from chemicals
56
phototrophs
dervive energy from light
57
Autotrophs
microbial cells which use C02 as their carbon source
58
primary producer
autotrophs because they produce organic matter from CO2 in the air
59
plant photosynthesis takes place where
chloroplasts
60
Bacteria photosynthesis takes place
cytoplasmic membrane
61
DNA
Adenine
guanine
cytosine
thymine
62
DNA Replication
Initiation
elongation
proofreading
termination
63
Codon
set of three adjacent nucleotides that encoded a particular amino acid
64
Cixprofoxavin
targets DNA gyros (enzyme which unwinds bacterial DNA
65
antibiotics
metabolic products of one organisms that inhits or kills microorganism
66
antimicrobial drugs
synthetic drugs produced by chemical procedures in the lab
67
bactericidal
kills the organism
68
bacteriostatic
insist the organism growth long enough to allow the immune system to take over
69
narrow spectrum
only effective against specific groups
70
broad spectrum
effective against a variety of gram positive/ gram negative bacteria
71
selective toxicity
chemical being used should inhibit or kill the intended pathogen without causing serious harm to the host
72
cell wall active agents
b lactams
cefotaxime- affects cross linkage of peptidoglycan
73
zoonosis
infection passed from an animal to human
74
vaccine
a suspension of live active or inactivated micro-organism administered to induce immunity
75
live vaccine
attenuated weakened agent
76
killed vaccination
organism killed or inactivated by exposure to heat or chemicals
77
toxoid
toxin which has been modified by treatment with heat of chemicals so that is no longer damaging but still produces immunity
78
active immunisation
administration of a vaccine or toxoid in order to stimulate the production of antibodies
79
passive immunisation
administration of antibodies in order to provide temp. immunity
80
prokaryotic life temp
>65 degrees
81
streptomyces bacteria
70%
82
how many antibiotics
8,000
83
Fleming
1928
84
chain, bird
1940
85
available without prescription
1950
86
Synergism
occurs when the effect of two drugs together is greater than the effect of wither on their own e.g augmentin
87
antagonism
occurs when the effect of two drugs together is less than the effect of either alone e.g penicillinase
88
Staphylococcus aureus
resistance to penicillin and then methicillin
89
resistance to antibiotics 4
blocking entry
inactivating enzymes
alternation of target molecules
efflux of antibiotic
90
teixobactin
new class of antibiotics
91
Antibiotic resistance
using outdated or weakened antibiotics
mis using antibiotics
using antibiotics in animal feed
failing to finish the prescribed regimen
92
chemotrophs
derived energy from chemicals
chemooragnictrophs (organic chemicals)
chemolithotrophs (inorganic chemicals)
93
how do chemoorgantrophs derive energy from organic chemicals? Do they contain carbon ?
oxidation of the compounds release electrons which are then used to generate ATP. Yes
94
chemolithotrophs do they contain carbon? how do they derive Energy ?
don't contain carbon. they are oxidised to release electrons for ATP Synthesis
95
lithotrophy-
the ability to obtain energy by the transfer of electrons from hydrogen gas to inorganic acceptors.
96
why is lithotrophy advantagous?
because organism deriving energy from inorganic compounds don't have to compete with chemoorganotrophs
97
heterotrophs
microbial cells which use one ore more organic compounds as their carbon source
98
autotrophs
microbial cells which use C02 as their carbon source
99
an oxygenic photosynthesis
no O2 produced
100
in the gram stain alcohol acetone
solubilises lipids in bacterial cell envelope
101
DNA
Adenine thymine guanine, cuainne
102
which of the following is false. virus may contain
dna
rna
enzymes
A HOST CELL DERIVED ENVELOPE
103
The mitochondrion of eukaryotic cells serves the same function as which prokaryotic organelle
the chromosome
THE CYTOPLASMIC MEMBRANE
the periplasmic space
the cell wall
104
upon gram staining chain of spherical cells are called
staphyococci
spirochetes
streptococci *
vibrios
105
what is the purpose of bacterial spores
allow the bacterium to survive extended period off heat or dryness
106
A bacteriophage is
a virus that affects bacteria
107
in our immune system antibodies are required to
to bind antigens
108
mushroom not employed for medical purposes
clostridia
109
co dehydrogenase is an enzymes component related to
respiration
110
which of the following is not true for archer
contains cell walls composed of pepitdolycan
111
viruses
are obligate intercellular pathogens
112
which of the following is NOT a mechanism of antibiotic resistance bacteria
are usually smaller than prokaryotic membranes
113
facultative anaerobic bacteria
can grow in the presence or absence of oxygen
114
characteristic of eukaryotic microbes
contain a nuclease with multiple chromosomes
115
commensal microorganisms are
microbes that live on or within humans and animals without harm
116
what is the function of Ribosomes
required for protein synthesis
117
the most important role of the prokaryotic cell wall is to
prevent asmoticylsis of the cell wall
118
bacterial conjuction is
the process through which plasmids are transferred between bacteria
119
psyschropillic bacteria grow
temperature below 15 degrees
120
pasteurisation doesn't involve
the removal and destruction of all microbes in milk
121
which of the following is not a domain of life
prokaryotes
122
bacteria divide by
binary fission
123
building blocks of DNA
Nucletides
124
which is false of sterilisation
is not required for milk products
125
zoonosis
animal disease that can be transmitted to humans
126
the order in which bacteria cells are stained in the gram stain
crystal violet
iodine
alcohol
natural red
127
DNA cannot be transmitted between bacterial cell by which of the following
sporulation
128
which of the following is false for light microscopy
don't know !
129
virus that persist in the cell can cause recurrent disease are considered
chronic
130
which is persistent in both gram positive and gram negative
peptidoglycan
131
purine and pyridines are
nucleotides
132
AW release to which parameter affecting microbial proliferation in food
Intensic
133
Symbiosis occurs when
whenever two organisms of different species exist in close physical contact to the benefit of both organisms, that's symbiosis. Symbiosis can occur between animals, plants, fungi or
134
where is salmonella found
lippolysaccaride layer
135
KOOH postulates retakes TO
proof that a specific m/o causes a specific diease
136
clostridium botulinum
! q 42
137
ultra pasteurisation can be carried out @
2 seconds @ 137 degrees
138
during the reduction stage of fermentation ethanol is formed directly from
acetaldehyde
139
in brewing Saccharomyces carlsbergensis
is a bottom fermenting microorganism
140
during brewing at the mashing stage this doesn't occur
brewing yeast strain is added
141
probiotics
benefit health
142
periplasm
space between plasma membrane and the outer memberbrain in gram negative bacteria
143
hard cheese typically ripened by
lactic acid
144
during N fixation
N2 is reduced to NH3
145
Bacteroids are formed during symbiotic association of certain bacteria with legumes plants where are they formed
in the roots
146
most important organism on the planet
Saccharomyes cerevisiae
147
wine making
grapes used as the sugar source
fructose and glucose and natural acid
148
making MUST
Grapes crushed mechanically by hand
fermentation by indigenous yeast or starter cultures
rate decided by temperature PH initial sugar content and yeast strain
149
anthocyanins
red wine made with skins
150
barely unsuitable as sugar source why?
65% starch
151
malting process- partial germination
1. malting process used to generate enzymes ( amylases)
2. green malt produced after 5 days of germination
3. kilning used to preserve the malt.
152
Handling microorganism
inoculation
incubation
isolation
inspection
identification
153
chemical sterilisation methods
ethylene oxide (sterilises a wide range of delicates that heat and moisture can damage)
154
pasteurisation
use of heat ( 75 degrees 15 seconds)
155
antiseptics
microbicidal agents harmless enough to be applied to then skin and mucous membrane
156
disinfectants
agents that kill microorganisms but not necessarily their spores not safe for application to living tissues
157
Light microscopy--- magnification vs resolution
mag= can be increases without limit
resolution= cant be increased
158
resolution
is the amount of detail you can see in an image
magnification - is how much an imagine is enlarged under a microscope
159
preparing bacterial cells for microscopy
spread culture in thin film over slide
air dry
pass through flame
flood slide with stain dye
place drop of oil examine
160
light microscope
cant distinguish objects smaller than half a wavelength of light
161
light VS electron microscopy
no living specimen can serve under the high vacuum of electron microscopy
light challenge- enhanced contrast between pale cells and their paler surroundings
162
Prokaryotic
bacteria archaea
no nuclease
all cells have cell wall
no organelles
163
eukaryotic
fungi Protozoa Algae
164
non cellular
virius Prions
165
Gram positive
staphylococci
166
gram negative
escherichia coli
167
mycobacteria high wax content in their cell envelope suspected mycobacteria are stained using the
Ziehl-Neielson stain
168
Mycoplasma
the smallest known bacteria have no cell wall to stain
169
Peptidoglycan
principal component of the cell wall is a unique polysaccharide which gives the cell its characteristic shape and prevents osmotic lysis
170
flagella
bacteria use to swim
171
catabolism
derived from the enzymatic breakdown od substrates ( carbs, lipids, proteins
172
energy generated from catabolism is used to synthesise cellular constituents is a process called
anabolism
173
Innate immuntiy
defence against any pathogen
present before exposure to pathogens and is effective from the time of birth
consists of external barriers plus internal cellular and chemical forces
174
adaptive immunity
immunity to a specific pathogen
develops after exposure to toxins or foreign substances
relies heavily on two types of lymphocytes
175
Lymphocytes that mature in the thymus above the heart are
T cells
176
lymphocytes that mature in the bone marrow
B cells
177
antigens
substances that can elicit a response fro B or T cells
178
Epitope
the smallest accessible part of an antigen that binds to the antigen receptor
179
Different types of phagocytic cells
Neutrophils -engulfs and destroys pathogens
macrophages- found throughout the body
dendritic cell- stimulate development of adaptive immunity
180
Sclerotium
harden mass of mycelium that generally serves as an overwintering state
181
Mycelium
aggregate of hyphae
huge surface area
182
saprophytes
feed on dead tissue or organic matter
183
parasites
feed on living hosts
184
spores
new locations
reproductive cell
non-motile
dispearsed by rain/wind
185
Asexual reproduction spores
Basidia
sporangia
ascus
186
Sac fungi (ascomycota)
Multicellular (except for yeast)
asexual reproduction ascospores
largest phylum of fungi
187
Zoospores ,oospores
asexual sexual
188
making worth
malted grain provide both then enzymes substrate
starch converted to simple sugar
worth prepared as the glucose source (mashing)
then filtered
189
mashing
allowing enzymes to work on the endogenous and added substrates
ie making wort
190
Various types of mashing
Decocation mashing- first 35-40 degrees and remove some of the mash and boil and reintroduce to raise temp
infusion mashing
amylases and other enzymes breaking down starch to fermentable sugars
b. Many proteases also present break down cell walls to allow access to starch
c. If enzymes. Limiting the commercial enzymes can be added
d. Finally boil the sweet wort with hops
191
why is wort boiled
amylases inactivated
starch breakdown now stopped
alpha acids and oils from hops kill microbes
sugars caramelised
192
brewing
after preparation of wort add yeast
allow to fermentate for apps 3 days then 10 days
allows yeast to settle to the bottom
siphon off beer into bottle and allow to further age
193
yeast strain type top fermenting yeast
remain distributed in wort
carried to the top by CO2
14-23 c fermentation
Ales
S.cerevisiae (will grow at 37)
194
yeast strain type 2 ( bottom yeast)
settle to the bottom
6-12 C ferm
saccharomyces carlsbergensis (won't grow at 37)
lager
195
alcohol boils at
78 Degrees
196
Malt
wine
molasses
grain/potato
whiskey
brandy
rum
vodka
197
vinegar >4% acetic acid
changing Ethanal to vinegar
distilled vinegar
acetic acid bacteria converted to ethanol to acetic acid
198
rennet
enzyme mix that promotes curdling
199
adhesions/ligands
bind to receptors on host cells
200
Salmonella
alters host actin to enter a host cell
201
direct damage by bacteria
Disrupt host cell function
produces waster products
toxins
202
toxin
toxigenicity
toxemia
substance that contributes to pathogenity
ability to produce a toxin
toxemia- presence of toxin in the hosts blood
203
Chronic infection
intermittent colonisation
persistent chronic infection
higher degree of inflammation
204
Bacillus anthracis
anthrax
205
acute infection
sudden or rapid onset of disease, which can be resolved quickly by robust innate immune responses exerted by the host or, instead, may kill the host.
206
endotoxins
primarily found in gram negative organism
Lipopolysaccharide (LPS)
Released on cell death or distingiragtion
207
antibodies (word) 5
MADGE
IgM, IgA, IgD, IgG, IgE
208
systemic mycoses
deep within the body
209
subcutaneous mycoses
beneath the skin
210
cutaneous mycoses
affect hair skin and nails
211
Superficial mycoses
localised eg hair shaft
212
Protozoa
Unicellular organisms without cell walls
generally colourless and dont form spores or fruiting bodies
213
Prions
Prions are slow-acting, virtually indestructible infectious proteins that cause brain diseases in mammals
Prions propagaby converting normal proteins into the prion versionte
214
Scrapie
in sheep, mad cow disease, and Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease in humans are all caused by prions
215
Prion disease agent
agent insensitive to UV irradiation
distinct form conventional Irish
devoid of DNA or RNA
The agent= composed primarily even uniquely of a protein called prion.
216
transcription
initiated at the promoter region upstream of the gene
RNA polymerase copies the DNA and produces an RNA transcript ( mRNA
217
translation
mRNA is decoded by ribosomes and tRNA molecules to specify
The exact sequence of amino acids in a protein
