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Microbiology Flashcards

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1
Q

What are protozoa

A

Single celled animals, Eukaryotes

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2
Q

What are fungi

A

Higher plant like organisms, Eukaryotes

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3
Q

What are bacteria

A

Generally small, single celled, prokaryotes

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4
Q

What are viruses

A

Very small obligate parasites, non living

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5
Q

What are the features of a eukaryote

A

5-50 ums
complex
multi-cellular
linear chromosome
introns/exons
80S ribosomes

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6
Q

What are the features of a prokaryote

A

0.5-10 ums
simple
often single celled
singular circular chromomse
gene structure (introns rare)
70S ribosomes

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7
Q

What charge does energy generation have in bacteria

A

positive

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8
Q

What is a nucleoid

A

an irregularly shaped region within the prokaryotic cell that contains all or most of the genetic material

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9
Q

What does a nucleoid contain

A

DNA and associated proteins

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10
Q

Does the nucleoid have a nuclear membrane

A

NO

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11
Q

What are the chromosomes like in a nucleoid

A

single circular molecule

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12
Q

Tell me about the peptidoglycan cell wall

A

serves a structural role in the bacterial cell wall

sugar cage cross linked by amino acid bridges

repeated sugar chains (NAM-NAG)

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13
Q

tell me about the cell wall in gram positive bacteria

A

thick layer of peptidoglycan in cell wall

stains purple with a gram stain

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14
Q

tell me about the cell wall in gram negative bacteria

A

thinner peptidoglycan layer

stains pink

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15
Q

give an example of an organism that doesn’t stain well with gram stain

A

mycobacterium tuberculosis

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16
Q

what are lipopolysaccharides

A

key component of endotoxin (part of outer membrane of cell wall in gram -ve bacteria)

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17
Q

What do lipopolysaccharides do

A

have a structural role

Antigen and bacterial toxin

Antibiotic uptake

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18
Q

What is a flagella

A

long whip-like filamentous structures occur on the surface of some bacteria

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19
Q

What type of bacteria can have a flagella

A

gram positive and negative

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20
Q

What is a fimbriae

A

bristle like short fibres that occurs on the surface of bacteria

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21
Q

What type of bacteria can have fimbriae

A

both gram positive and negative

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22
Q

What type of bacteria can have fimbriae

A

both gram positive and negative

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23
Q

What are the factors for bacterial growth

A

Food
Temperature
pH
Osmotic protection
Oxygen

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24
Q

Psycrophiles

A

low temperature

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25
Thermophiles
high temperature
26
Mesophiles
body temperature
27
What are biofilms
colonies of bacteria that adhere together and adhere to environmental surfaces (bacteria inside a biofilm are much more resistant to antimicrobial agents)
28
What shape are coccus/cocci
spheres
29
what shape are bacillus/bacilli
rod shaped
30
what shape and type of bacteria are vibrio
slightly curved rod, gram negative
31
tell me about spirillum
rigid spiral bacterium
32
tell me about spirochaete
flexible spiral bacterium
33
What are two defensive structures
spores and capsules
34
Tell me about the spore
inert structures, resistant to physical and chemical challenge
35
Tell me about the capsule
outermost layer found in many bacteria, usually made of polysaccharides
36
What does a toxin do
promotes infection and disease by directly damaging host tissues and disabling the immune system
37
Aerobic definition
grow in oxygen
38
Obligate aerobe definition
require oxygen
39
Obligate anaerobe definition
killed by oxygen
40
facultative anaerobes definition
tolerate oxygen
41
What does selective media do
presence of specific substances permits the growth of one organism over another
42
what is an example of a selective media
mannitol salt agar
43
tell me about differential media
incorporation of chemicals produces visible changes in colonies that facilitates identification
44
what is an example of a differential media
Eosin +methylene blue
45
What is metabolic profling
uses biochemical characteristics e.g. utilization of carbon sources
46
what is serological tests
use an antibody - antigen interaction to help identiy bacteria
47
genome sequencing : PCR
amplification of a section of genome
48
genome sequencing : MLST
entire genome sequencing
49
MALDI-TOF ???
produces a characteristic signature based on the generation of ions from a sample
50
What is virulence
the capacity of a microbe to cause damage to its host
51
what is a pathogen
harmful organism that produces a pathology
52
what is a commensal
on organism that is part of the normal flora
53
what is an opportunistic pathogen
an organism that causes infection when opportunity/change in natural immunity arises
54
what is a coagulase test
used to differentiate between staph aureus and coagulase negative staph (including staph epidermis)
55
What is haemolysis
used to differentiate between streptococci
56
What happens to the small blood vessels in sepsis
become leaky and lose fluid into tissues - decreased blood volume so heart has to work harder
57
Sepsis : poor tissue perfusion means what?
blood supply to less essential organs is shut down
58
What is activated in sepsis
blood clotting system activated - uses all clotting factors, increasing risk of haemorrhage
59
Patients with what type of sepsis get very unwell quickly and why
Gram negative due to endotoxin released when gram negative bacteria die
60
Tell me about examples of gram negative bacteria
neisseria meningitidis : most common cause of bacterial meningitis Neisseria gonorrhoeae : gonnorrhea
61
Tell me about gram negative cocci associated with the GI tract
Gut commensal coliforms -many are part of the normal bowel flora -any coliform that gets into a normally sterile environment can cause infection e.g. UTI
62
What is the first line antibiotic for the treatment of infections caused by coliforms (POSSIBLY IN GI TRACT)
GENTAMICIN
63
Is streptococcus gram positive or negative
Gram positive
64
how is streptococcus identified by
haemolysis
65
What is streptococcus pneumoniae
Gram positive, alpha haemolytic
66
Tell me about staphylococcus epidermis
It is nosocomial (originating in the hospital) - associated with foreign devices e.g. catheters Coagulase negative
67
What is the most common cause of skin, soft tissue and wound infection
staphylococcus aureus
68
How does staphylococcus aureus appear
golden (coagulase positive) clump forming (looks like grapes)
69
What can clostridium difficile cause
antibiotic-associated diarrhoea especially in the elderly
70
What do viruses contain
either DNA or RNA
71
What is the term for when viruses consists of repeated subunits that make up equilateral triangles arranged in a symmetrical fashion
icosahedral symmetry
72
What is helical symmetry
made up of a single repeated unit
73
What are virus particles composed of
nucleic acid genome protein capsid virus envelope
74
What does a protein capsid do
protects the genome from the environment and delivers genome to the cell
75
Tell me about a virus envelope
in some viruses and consists of a lipid bilayer
76
what are the mechanisms of viral spread
neural spread (herpes) hematogenous spread (in blood - HIV)
77
Tell me about the pathogenesis of viruses and disease
cell death due to lysis cell death due to immune system cell proliferation - cancer
78
what do cytotoxic t lymphocytes do
recognise foreign cell surface proteins, signal to infected cell to commit suicide
79
what are the neutralising antibodies
IgG,IgM
80
What are antibiotics
a drug used to treat or prevent infection caused by microorganisms
81
what is the definition of bacteriostatic
inhibit growth of bacteria
82
what is the definition of bactericidal
kill bacteria
83
What do narrow spectrum antibiotics do
will kill one group (usually gram positive)
84
What do broad spectrum antibiotics do
will kill gram negative and gram positive
85
What do antibiotics that act on the bacterial cell wall do
inhibit cell wall synthesis by preventing cross linking of peptidoglycan - bactericidal
86
what are the commonly prescribed cell wall antimicrobials
penicillins, cephalosporins, glycopeptides
87
What are examples of penicillins
flucloxacillin, amoxicillin
88
Tell be about the penicillins
B lactam Very few side effects range from narrow to broad spectrum excreted rapidly via kidneys safe in pregnancy
89
how are penicillins excreted
rapidly via kidneys
90
what are examples of cephalosporins
cefaclor, cefadroxil and cefalexin
91
Tell me about the cephalosporins
modified b lactam excreted via kidneys and urine safe in pregnancy
92
how are cephalosporins excreted
via kidneys and urine
93
give me an example of glycopeptide
vancomycin
94
tell me about glycopeptides
not a b lactam not absorbed when given orally - have to be administered IV side effects : vancomycin damages kidneys, occasionally causes red man syndrome
95
How do antibiotics that inhibit protein synthesis work
attach to bacterial ribosomes usually protein synthesis can resume when antibiotic is removed - bacteriostatic exception: aminoglycosides - binding to ribosome is lethal

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