Microbiology

Question 1

microorganism

Answer 1

organism too small to view with the naked eye

Question 2

hgt and types

Answer 2

horizontal gene transfer - transduction, transformation, conjugation

Question 3

transformation hgt

Answer 3

uptake or integration of free DNA from the environment into the genome

Question 4

transduction hgt

Answer 4

accidental transfer of genes between cels by viruses (bacteriophages)

Question 5

conjugation hgt

Answer 5

gene transfer that requires cell to cell contact (eg plasmids)

Question 6

asv

Answer 6

amplicon sequence variants used to characterise and identify bacteria/archaea

Question 7

gene to identify bacteria species

Answer 7

16s ribosomal RNA gene

Question 8

prokaryotes

Answer 8

lack a membrane-bound nucleus

Question 9

eukaryotes

Answer 9

have a membrane-bound nucleus

Question 10

plasma membrane

Answer 10

semi-permeable membrane

Question 11

gram-positive bacteria

Answer 11

thick layer of peptidoglycan outside of the cytoplasmic membrane, stays purple when tested

Question 12

gram-negative bacteria

Answer 12

thin layer of peptidoglycan, has outer membrane, turns pink/red when tested

Question 13

prokaryote shape types

Answer 13

spheres (cocci)
rods (bacilli)
spirals
filaments

Question 14

biofilm definition

Answer 14

organized microbial community encased in extracellular polymeric substances, creat protected mode of growth to allow survival in hostile environment

Question 15

biofilm advantages

Answer 15

protection from predation, desiccation,antimicrobials
increases genetic diversity due to increased hgt
nutritional advantages
multicellularity

Question 16

squid and bacteria relationship

Answer 16

symbiotic relationship between Euprymna scolopes and Vibrio fischeri

Question 17

quorum sensing

Answer 17

gene regulation in response to cell population density (bacterial form of communication)

Question 18

fungi common features

Answer 18

membrane enclosed nuclei
structurally complex

Question 19

chemoorganoheterotrophs

Answer 19

obtain nutrients by breaking down organic compounds

Question 20

saprophytes

Answer 20

absorb nutrients by releasing degradative enzymes

Question 21

fungi industrial uses

Answer 21

fermentation (yeast), organic acids (citric), drugs (cortisone), anti-biotics (penicillin), immunosuppressive agents

Question 22

major fungal groups

Answer 22

• chytridiomycota
• zygomycota
• glomeromycota
• ascomycota
• basiodiomycota
• microsporidia

Question 23

chytridiomycota

Answer 23

simplest fungi, zoospore with flagellum. responsible for amphibian die off

Question 24

basidiomycota

Answer 24

rusts, mushrooms,puffballs etc. key decomposers of plant material

Question 25

ascomycota

Answer 25

sac fungi, human / plant pathogens.

Question 26

winemaking fungi

Answer 26

saccharomyces ceravisiae

Question 27

protists

Answer 27

eukaryotic organisms that is not animal plant or fungi.

Question 28

dinoflagellates

Answer 28

micro algae that use flagellae spinning to move through water. key to harmful algae blooms

Question 29

diatoms

Answer 29

micro algae with glasslike walls made of silicon dioxide

Question 30

phytoplankton

Answer 30

key primary producers, sequester carbon in deep sea

Question 31

SOIREE

Answer 31

southern ocean iron release, found iron is limiting factor in phytoplankton growth, but didn't impact carbon levels

Question 32

SERIES

Answer 32

sub-antarctic ecosystem response to iron enrichment, found majority of carbon is remineralized

Question 33

viruses

Answer 33

acellular infectious agents comprised of protein and DNA or RNA

Question 34

virion

Answer 34

complete virus particle. one or more DNA/Rna molecules contained in a protein coating (capsid) potential to have envelope (secondary layer) with spikes

Question 35

classification of viruses

Answer 35

genome structure, life cycle, morphology, genetic relationships

Question 36

viral multiplication steps

Answer 36

attach to host cell entry and uncoating of genomes synthesis of key components self assembly of virions release of progeny

Question 37

HIV protein spike

Answer 37

gp120

Question 38

zoonotic diseases

Answer 38

animal borne disease transferred to humans

Question 39

human virome

Answer 39

refers to all viruses present on or in the human body

Question 40

Amount of carbon sequestered in bacteria

Answer 40

500 x 10^9

Question 41

major steps in microbial research

Answer 41

1674 - 1676 Leeuwenhoek discovers animacules 1861 - Pasteur disproves spontaneous generation 1884 - Koch postulates publish, autoclave, phagocytosis and gram stain developed 1977 - Woese proves bacteria and archaea distinct 1980s - Mullis invents PCR

Question 42

Bacteria reproduction

Answer 42

Binary fission