Microbiology

Question 1

microbiology

Answer 1

the study of living things too small to be seen without magnification

Question 2

what is the basic structure and functional unit of living organisms?

Answer 2

cells

Question 3

prokaryotic cell

Answer 3

1) no nucleus/specialized organelles
2) single circular chromosome
3) cell wall is usually present

Question 4

eukaryotic cell

Answer 4

1) highly organized
2) defined nucleus
3) linear chromosomes
4) cell wall may or may not (chemically simple) be present
5) genetic material found in the nucleus

Question 5

what makes up simple microorganisms?

Answer 5

bacteria or viruses

Question 6

what makes up complex microorganisms?

Answer 6

fungi
protozoa
algae

Question 7

what shapes characterize bacteria?

Answer 7

1) coccus: round/spherical
2) bacillus: rod shaped/longer than wide
3) spiral: spiral/corkscrew shaped

Question 8

Describe the bacterial life cycle

Answer 8

1) Entry: into host cell via phagocytosis
2) Vesicle formation: escape from lysosomal (digestive system of the cell) degradation (killing by host cell)
3) Synthesis: genomic replication
4) Exit: via budding (pinching off) from host cell

Question 9

endospores

Answer 9

resistant structures for survival under adverse conditions (heat, lack of water, toxic chemicals)

Question 10

what are some characteristics of endospores?

Answer 10

1) produced by Bacillus & Clostridium spp
2) can lie dormant for a long time
3) important to medical care and food industry bc they resist the processes normally used to kill microbes

Question 11

antibiotic

Answer 11

molecules produced by microorganisms that kill other microorganisms, or inhibit their growth

Question 12

what antibiotic is best used for treatment of microbial infections

Answer 12

antibiotics that inhibit bacterial cell wall synthesis

Question 13

antibiotic resistance

Answer 13

bacteria adapts and the antibiotic will no longer kill or inhibit microbial growth

Question 14

Give examples of bacterial diseases

Answer 14

respiratory disease
food-borne diseases
STIs
Chlamydia

Question 15

Viruses

Answer 15

obligate intracellular parasites

Question 16

what are some characteristics of viruses?

Answer 16

1) Simple, non-cellular entities that are parasites of cells
2) Require a living cell
3) Can infect every type of cell
4) Can’t reproduce by itself
5) Can’t metabolize energy or proteins

Question 17

what are some examples of viral diseases?

Answer 17

Influenza
HIV
Hepatitis B
Rabies
Adenovirus

Question 18

Describe the viral life cycle

Answer 18

1) Entry: virus attaches to receptors on host cell surface
2) Penetration: the cell engulfs the virus by endocytosis
3) Uncoating: viral contents are released
4) Synthesis: viral replication and protein production
5) Assembly: new virus particles are assembled
6) Exit: newly made virus particles are released from the cell to infect surrounding cells

Question 19

Fungi

Answer 19

unicellular or multicellular organisms that can’t carry out photosynthesis and absorb nutrients from the environment

Question 20

what are the types of fungi?

Answer 20

yeast and molds

Question 21

what are the harmful effects of fungi?

Answer 21

1) Economic effects:
-molds cause spoilage of fruits/grains/vegetables
-fungi cause diseases in plants
2) Diseases:
-infections of hair, skin, internal organs
-food borne illness

Question 22

protozoa

Answer 22

found in soil and water, and in the intestinal tract of animals

Question 23

what are the means of movement for protozoa?

Answer 23

-Flagellum: longer, whip-like extension
-Cilia: shorter, hair-like extension
-Pseudopod: blunt, lobe-like projection
-Some incapable of moving
-Produce protective capsule (cyst) that allows to survive outside the host

Question 24

what are some examples of protozoa?

Answer 24

-amoebic dysentery: food/water borne disease
-malaria: mosquito borne disease

Question 25

algae

Answer 25

unicellular or multicellular that convert carbon dioxide to oxygen during photosynthesis

Question 26

Red Tide

Answer 26

caused by large concentrations of red algae (Gonyaulax), important bc it produces a toxin that will cause paralytic shellfish poisoning

Question 27

what are the controls of microbial growth?

Answer 27

1) Sterilization 2) Physical Methods 3) Chemical Methods

Question 28

describe sterilization

Answer 28

technique that destroys all microorganisms including endospores/cysts

Question 29

what are the physical methods of controlling microbial growth?

Answer 29

heat, cold, drying, radiation

Question 30

what are the chemical methods of controlling microbial growth?

Answer 30

disinfection disinfectant antiseptic sanitation

Question 31

what are the POSITIVE roles of microorganisms?

Answer 31

beneficial to human welfare normal flora in and on the body

Question 32

what are the NEGATIVE roles of microorganisms?

Answer 32

cause disease -pathogenicity -virulence -toxigenicity

Question 33

how is microbiology applied in Public Health?

Answer 33

Communicable Disease Control: -educates patients to help break the chain of infections Epidemiology: -identifying diseases Occupational Health: -Medical Employee Health Program -determining exams needed for certain duties