microbiology

Question 1

What colour is gram positive

Answer 1

purple

Question 2

what colour is gram negative

Answer 2

red/orange

Question 3

What is the name of round shape bacteria

Answer 3

cocci

Question 4

What is S.Anginosus

Answer 4

gram positive bacteria that reside in the human oral cavity, cocci shaped

Question 5

What is Veillonella species

Answer 5

Gram negative bacteria, cocci shaped

Question 6

What is Actinomyces israelii

Answer 6

gram positive bacilli bacteria that cause chronic inf

Question 7

Whta is Preevotella intermedia

Answer 7

Gram negative bacilli bacteria

Question 8

What does capnophilic mean

Answer 8

Needs CO2 to survive

Question 9

What is meant by faculative

Answer 9

Can survive with and without O2

Question 10

What does Metronidazole work on

Answer 10

Strict anaerobes

Question 11

wHAT ARE THE 2 FORMS OF RESISTANCE

Answer 11

INTRINSIC AND ACQUIRED

Question 12

What is intrinsic resistance

Answer 12

when a bacterial species is naturally resistant to a certain antibiotic or family of antibiotics, without the need for mutation or gain of further genes

Question 13

What is acquired resistance

Answer 13

resistance gained from mutation or acquisition of new DNA

Question 14

What are some mechanisms of antibiotic resistance

Answer 14

Altered target site

Enzymatic inactivation (enzyme destroys antibiotic)

Question 15

What is beta lactamase

Answer 15

Group of resistance mechanisms in bacteria

Question 16

What does endogenous inf mean

Answer 16

inf derived from our own flora

Question 17

What is often a mixed infection

Answer 17

dental abscess

Question 18

What bacteria is involved in a perio abscess

Answer 18

Anaerobic streptococci
Prevotella intermedia

Question 19

What is involved in pericoronitis

Answer 19

Predominantly mixed oral anaerobes, e.g, P. intermedia

S. anginosus group

Question 20

Osteomyelitis of the jaws can be predisposed by what

Answer 20

Biphosphonate therapy (BRONJ/MRONJ)

Impaired vascularity of bone (radiotherapy, Pagets disease)

Foreign bodies (implants)

Compound fractures

Impaired host defences (diabetes)

Question 21

What is involved in osteomyelitis

Answer 21

Anaerobic Gram negative rods
Anaerobic streptococci
Streptococcus anginosus
Staphylococcus aureus

Question 22

What is ludwigs angina and SOI

Answer 22

Bilateral infection of Submandibular space

Most common bacteria:
-Anaerobic Gram negative bacilli
-Streptococcus anginosus
-Anaerobic streptococci

Question 23

What is sepsis

Answer 23

Life-threatening organ dysfunction caused by dysregulated host response to infection

Question 24

What is SIRS

Answer 24

Systemic Inflammatory Response syndrome, an exaggerated defense response of the body

1. Temp <36 or 38C
2. Pulse >90/min
3. Resp rate >20/min
4. WCC <4 or >12

Question 25

What does S, I & R mean for a choice of antibiotic

Answer 25

S = Susceptible at standard dosing regime I = Susceptible but need Increased exposure (increased dose) R = High likelihood of therapeutic failure even when there is increase exposure

Question 26

What is meant by the breakpoint

Answer 26

A breakpoint = chosen concentration (mg/L) of an antibiotic which defines whether a species of bacteria is susceptible or resistant to the antibiotic

Question 27

What is meant by clinical resistance

Answer 27

When infection is highly unlikely to respond even to maximum doses of antibiotic

Question 28

What are confounding variables of resistance

Answer 28

Laboratory: Inoculum size Planktonic phase Biofilm Clinical: Pus collections Forgein bodies Site of infection biofilm

Question 29

What does antimicrobial stewardship mean

Answer 29

an organizational or healthcare-system-wide approach to promoting and monitoring judicious use of antimicrobials to preserve their future effectiveness

Question 30

What is Pen V good against

Answer 30

most active against oral streptococci,anaerobes & selected Gram-negative cocci

Question 31

What is a bioflim and what does it make it resistant against

Answer 31

an aggregate of microorganisms in which cells adhere to each other on a surface These adherent cells are embedded within a self-produced matrix of extracellular polymeric substance (EPS) – DNA, proteins, polysacharyde. Resistance to antibiotics, antibacterial agents, hidden from immune system of the host.