Microbiology Flashcards
(109 cards)
1
Q
What is the composition of a naked virus?
A
Nucleic acid + capsid (without an envelope).
Example: Hepatitis A virus
2
Q
What is the term for a virus genome integrated into host DNA?
A
Provirus.
N/A
3
Q
What type of virus is responsible for cold sores and shingles?
A
Herpes simplex virus and Varicella zoster virus, respectively.
N/A
4
Q
What is the structure used by bacteriophages to infect bacteria?
A
Tail, which injects the viral nucleic acid into the host.
N/A
5
Q
What is the role of gp120 in HIV?
A
Attachment protein that binds to CD4 receptors on T-helper cells.
N/A
6
Q
What kind of bacteria are Treponema pallidum, and what disease do they cause?
A
Spirochetes; they cause syphilis.
N/A
7
Q
What is the structure of Mycobacterium tuberculosis?
A
Acid-fast, rod-shaped bacterium.
N/A
8
Q
Which bacteria produce endospores?
A
Bacillus and Clostridium species.
N/A
9
Q
What is the disease caused by Vibrio cholerae?
A
Cholera.
N/A
10
Q
What type of genome do most RNA viruses possess?
A
Single-stranded RNA, either positive-sense or negative-sense.
N/A
11
Q
What kind of inclusions are characteristic of cells infected with rabies virus?
A
Negri bodies.
N/A
12
Q
What is the main structural difference between Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria?
A
Gram-positive have a thick peptidoglycan layer; Gram-negative have a thin peptidoglycan layer and an outer membrane.
N/A
13
Q
Which enzyme is used by HIV to transcribe RNA into DNA?
A
Reverse transcriptase.
N/A
14
Q
What organism is responsible for tuberculosis?
A
Mycobacterium tuberculosis.
N/A
15
Q
What is the causative agent of smallpox?
A
Variola virus.
N/A
16
Q
What is a viroid?
A
A short, naked fragment of single-stranded RNA that infects plants.
N/A
17
Q
What bacterial structure is composed of a capsule and protects from phagocytosis?
A
Glycocalyx.
N/A
18
Q
What enzyme do Staphylococcus aureus bacteria produce that allows them to clot blood?
A
Coagulase.
N/A
19
Q
What shape is characteristic of icosahedral viruses?
A
A polyhedral shape with 20 triangular facets.
N/A
20
Q
What type of bacteria are Escherichia coli (E. coli)?
A
Gram-negative rod-shaped bacteria.
Example sentence: Escherichia coli is a common cause of urinary tract infections.
21
Q
Which virus is transmitted by Aedes mosquitoes and causes birth defects?
A
Zika virus.
Additional information: Zika virus can also be sexually transmitted.
22
Q
What structure allows bacteria to transfer genetic material during conjugation?
A
Pili (specifically, sex pili).
Example sentence: Sex pili are essential for the transfer of antibiotic resistance genes.
23
Q
What is the role of hemolysins produced by Streptococcus bacteria?
A
They lyse red blood cells to release iron.
Example sentence: Hemolysins contribute to the pathogenicity of Streptococcus infections.
24
Q
What virus causes infectious mononucleosis and is linked to certain cancers like Burkitt lymphoma?
A
Epstein-Barr virus (EBV).
Example sentence: Epstein-Barr virus infects B cells and can lead to lymphoma.
25
What bacterial genus causes tetanus and botulism?
Clostridium.
## Footnote
Additional information: Clostridium species are anaerobic and form spores.
26
What is the process by which a virus acquires an envelope from the host cell?
Budding off.
## Footnote
Example sentence: Budding off allows the virus to escape the host cell without causing immediate cell death.
27
What are prions and what disease do they cause?
Infectious proteins that cause fatal neurological diseases like Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease.
## Footnote
Additional information: Prions are misfolded proteins that induce other proteins to misfold.
28
What is the primary function of bacterial endospores?
To survive harsh environmental conditions.
## Footnote
Example sentence: Endospores allow bacteria to remain dormant until conditions are favorable for growth.
29
What type of genetic material do retroviruses like HIV contain?
Single-stranded, positive-sense RNA.
## Footnote
Additional information: Retroviruses use reverse transcriptase to convert their RNA genome into DNA.
30
What enzyme protects bacteria from toxic oxygen species by breaking down hydrogen peroxide?
Catalase.
## Footnote
Example sentence: Catalase activity can be tested using hydrogen peroxide and observing the release of oxygen bubbles.
31
What is the causative agent of diphtheria?
Corynebacterium diphtheriae.
## Footnote
Example sentence: Diphtheria toxin produced by Corynebacterium diphtheriae can cause severe respiratory symptoms.
32
What does the enzyme hyaluronidase do?
Breaks down hyaluronic acid in connective tissue, facilitating bacterial spread.
## Footnote
Example sentence: Hyaluronidase is known as a spreading factor in bacterial infections.
33
Which bacteria have a waxy cell wall that resists staining and requires acid-fast staining?
Mycobacterium species.
## Footnote
Example sentence: Mycobacterium tuberculosis is an acid-fast bacterium that causes tuberculosis.
34
What does the term “latent viral infection” refer to?
A virus that remains dormant in the host and can reactivate later.
## Footnote
Example sentence: Varicella-zoster virus can cause shingles due to reactivation from a latent infection.
35
What bacterial species causes Lyme disease?
Borrelia burgdorferi.
## Footnote
Example sentence: Borrelia burgdorferi is transmitted by ticks and causes Lyme disease.
36
What is the target of penicillin in bacterial cells?
The bacterial cell wall, specifically peptidoglycan synthesis.
## Footnote
Example sentence: Penicillin inhibits the cross-linking of peptidoglycan chains in bacterial cell walls.
37
What virus causes Kaposi’s sarcoma in AIDS patients?
Human Herpesvirus 8 (HHV-8).
## Footnote
Example sentence: Human Herpesvirus 8 is associated with the development of Kaposi’s sarcoma in immunocompromised individuals.
38
What enzyme do some bacteria produce to break down blood clots?
Kinases, such as streptokinase.
## Footnote
Additional information: Streptokinase is used therapeutically to dissolve blood clots in conditions like myocardial infarction.
39
What type of microorganism is Plasmodium, and what disease does it cause?
A protozoan that causes malaria.
## Footnote
Example sentence: Plasmodium falciparum is the most deadly species of Plasmodium that causes malaria in humans.
40
What is the key feature of Gram-negative bacteria’s outer membrane?
Lipopolysaccharides (LPS), which act as endotoxins.
## Footnote
Example sentence: Lipopolysaccharides are responsible for the fever and shock seen in Gram-negative sepsis.
41
What is the structure called that provides bacteria with motility?
Flagella.
## Footnote
Example sentence: Bacteria use flagella for swimming and movement towards nutrients.
42
What genus of bacteria is responsible for pneumonia and other respiratory infections and has a polysaccharide capsule?
Streptococcus pneumoniae.
## Footnote
Example sentence: The polysaccharide capsule of Streptococcus pneumoniae is a major virulence factor.
43
What disease does Treponema pallidum cause, and what is its shape?
Syphilis; spirochete.
## Footnote
Example sentence: The spiral shape of Treponema pallidum allows it to move easily through viscous fluids in the body.
44
What is the causative agent of cholera?
Vibrio cholerae.
## Footnote
Example sentence: Cholera toxin produced by Vibrio cholerae leads to profuse watery diarrhea.
45
Which type of bacteria are Listeria monocytogenes, and what condition do they thrive in?
Psychrophiles; they thrive in cold environments.
## Footnote
Additional information: Listeria monocytogenes can grow in refrigerated foods and cause foodborne illness.
46
What structure is found in Gram-negative bacteria but not in Gram-positive bacteria?
An outer membrane with lipopolysaccharides.
## Footnote
Example sentence: Gram-negative bacteria are more resistant to antibiotics due to the presence of an outer membrane.
47
What type of bacteria are responsible for tuberculosis?
Mycobacterium tuberculosis, acid-fast bacteria.
## Footnote
Example sentence: Acid-fast staining is used to identify Mycobacterium tuberculosis in sputum samples.
48
What is a common cause of peptic ulcers, and what is its classification?
Helicobacter pylori; Gram-negative spiral-shaped bacteria.
## Footnote
Example sentence: Helicobacter pylori infection is a major risk factor for developing peptic ulcers.
49
What type of virus has a tail structure for attachment, typically seen in bacteriophages?
Complex viruses.
## Footnote
Additional information: Complex viruses have elaborate structures for attaching to host cells and injecting genetic material.
50
What is the term for bacteria that can survive without oxygen but grow better with it?
Facultative anaerobes.
## Footnote
Example sentence: Facultative anaerobes can switch between aerobic and anaerobic metabolism depending on oxygen availability.
51
What type of microorganisms thrive in extremely high temperatures?
Thermophiles.
## Footnote
Example sentence: Thermophiles are commonly found in hot springs and deep-sea hydrothermal vents.
52
What process describes bacterial division?
Binary fission.
## Footnote
Example sentence: Binary fission results in the formation of two identical daughter cells.
53
What is the term for bacteria with a thick peptidoglycan layer that stain purple in Gram staining?
Gram-positive bacteria.
## Footnote
Example sentence: Gram-positive bacteria like Staphylococcus aureus retain the crystal violet stain in Gram staining.
54
What is a common characteristic of enveloped viruses?
They are more sensitive.
## Footnote
Example sentence: Enveloped viruses are easily inactivated by lipid solvents and detergents.
55
What type of microorganisms thrive in extremely high temperatures?
Thermophiles
56
What process describes bacterial division?
Binary fission
57
What is the term for bacteria with a thick peptidoglycan layer that stain purple in Gram staining?
Gram-positive bacteria
58
What is a common characteristic of enveloped viruses?
They are more sensitive to environmental factors compared to naked viruses
59
What enzyme converts fibrinogen into fibrin, aiding in clot formation?
Coagulase
60
What type of bacteria are classified as obligate anaerobes?
Bacteria that cannot survive in the presence of oxygen
61
What are exotoxins, and which type of bacteria typically produce them?
Protein toxins secreted by Gram-positive and some Gram-negative bacteria
62
What genus of bacteria is commonly associated with staph infections?
Staphylococcus
63
What is the role of reverse transcriptase in retroviruses?
It converts viral RNA into DNA
64
What type of bacteria is Bacillus anthracis, and what disease does it cause?
Gram-positive rod; causes anthrax
65
What does the enzyme lecithinase break down?
Lecithin, a component of cell membranes
66
Which microorganism causes the sexually transmitted infection gonorrhea?
Neisseria gonorrhoeae
67
What type of microbe causes malaria?
Protozoa (Plasmodium species)
68
What type of bacteria are Campylobacter, and what disease do they cause?
Gram-negative spiral-shaped bacteria; cause gastroenteritis
69
Which bacteria have teichoic acids in their cell walls?
Gram-positive bacteria
70
What type of virus causes influenza?
Influenza virus, an RNA virus
71
What organism is responsible for causing syphilis?
Treponema pallidum
72
What bacterium causes syphilis?
Treponema pallidum
73
What virus causes infectious mononucleosis and Burkitt lymphoma?
Epstein-Barr virus (EBV)
74
What bacterium is responsible for tuberculosis?
Mycobacterium tuberculosis
75
What is the causative agent of diphtheria?
Corynebacterium diphtheriae
76
What bacterium causes tetanus?
Clostridium tetani
77
What bacterium is responsible for botulism?
Clostridium botulinum
78
What bacterium is associated with gas gangrene?
Clostridium perfringens
79
What bacterium causes Lyme disease?
Borrelia burgdorferi
80
What bacterium causes gonorrhea?
Neisseria gonorrhoeae
81
What bacterium is associated with peptic ulcers and gastritis?
Helicobacter pylori
82
What virus causes Kaposi's sarcoma in AIDS patients?
Human Herpesvirus 8 (HHV-8)
83
What bacterium is responsible for anthrax?
Bacillus anthracis
84
What bacterium causes cholera?
Vibrio cholerae
85
What virus is transmitted by Aedes mosquitoes and causes birth defects?
Zika virus
86
What virus is responsible for AIDS?
Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV)
87
What virus causes cold sores?
Herpes simplex virus (HSV-1)
88
What virus causes chickenpox and shingles?
Varicella zoster virus (VZV)
89
What bacterium is responsible for whooping cough?
Bordetella pertussis
90
What bacterium causes typhoid fever?
Salmonella typhi
91
What bacterium is a major cause of foodborne illness and gastroenteritis?
Campylobacter jejuni
92
What microorganism causes malaria?
Plasmodium species
93
What bacterium causes leprosy?
Mycobacterium leprae
94
What bacterium causes neonatal sepsis?
Streptococcus agalactiae (Group B Streptococcus)
95
What virus causes smallpox?
Variola virus
96
What bacterium is responsible for strep throat?
Streptococcus pyogenes (Group A Streptococcus)
97
What virus causes rabies?
Rabies virus
98
What virus causes Ebola?
Ebola virus
99
What bacterium is responsible for dental cavities and plaque?
Streptococcus mutans
100
What virus causes genital warts and cervical cancer?
Human papillomavirus (HPV)
101
What virus family includes the influenza virus?
Orthomyxoviridae
102
What virus family includes hepatitis B?
Hepadnaviridae
103
What virus causes German measles (rubella)?
Rubella virus
104
What virus causes measles?
Measles virus (Paramyxoviridae)
105
What bacterium causes Legionnaires' disease?
Legionella pneumophila
106
What bacterium is responsible for brucellosis?
Brucella species
107
What bacterium is responsible for listeriosis?
Listeria monocytogenes
108
What bacterium is responsible for tuberculosis and leprosy?
Mycobacterium species
109
What bacterium is responsible for scarlet fever?
Streptococcus pyogenes (Group A Streptococcus)
