Microbiology

Question 1

What is facilitated diffusion?

Answer 1

The passive movement of molecules across a membrane through a carrier protein or protein channel

Question 2

What cells use endocytosis for intake of nutrients to other cells?

Answer 2

Protozoa and human cells

Question 3

The action of one microorganism that causes harm to another microbe is known as

Answer 3

amensalism/antagonism

Question 4

A genetic or evolutionary change in one symbiotic partner that leads to a genetic or evolutionary change in the other symbiotic partner is known as

Answer 4

coevolution

Question 5

The outer structure that allows a bacterial cell to survive in a hypotonic environment is the cell

Answer 5

wall

Question 6

What term describes any chemical substance required in small quantities, such as a trace metal?

Answer 6

Micronutrient

Question 7

Zinc and manganese are required by cells in small amounts, so they are termed trace

Answer 7

elements

Question 8

Which of the following describes a relationship where microorganisms compete for survival in a common environment?

Answer 8

Amensalism

Question 9

Which organism relies upon organic compounds for its carbon and energy needs?

Answer 9

Heterotroph

Question 10

An organism which acquires energy by metabolizing the nutrients from other organisms is called a(n

Answer 10

heterotroph

Question 11

Which best defines an active site?

Answer 11

Region of an enzyme where the substrate binds

Question 12

The primary catabolism of molecules by most organisms would include which three of the following pathways?

Answer 12

Glycolysis, Krebs Cycle, Respiratory chain

Question 13

During the last steps of glycolysis, ATP is generated by

Answer 13

Substrate level phosphorylation

Question 14

For each glucose that enters glycolysis, the NET output is

Answer 14

2 ATP, 2 NADH, 2 pyruvic acid

Question 15

For each glucose that enters glycolysis, the Kreb’s cycle produces:

Answer 15

6 NADH, 4 CO2, 2 ATP, 2 FADH2

Question 16

A non-functional enzyme which needs a cofactor is called a(n)

Answer 16

Apoenzyme

Question 17

Besides proteins, which type of molecule has been shown to have catalytic activity?

Answer 17

RNA

Question 18

What are the functions of metallic cofactors?

Answer 18

Activate enzymes, help bring active site and substrate closer together, participate directly in chemical reactions with the enzyme-substrate complex

Question 19

Enzymes serve as catalysts for:

Answer 19

anabolic and catabolic reactions

Question 20

An inhibitor which binds to a site other than the active site and controls enzyme activity is called a

Answer 20

noncompetitive inhibitor

Question 21

Which are components of an operon in a sequence of DNA?

Answer 21

Structural genes and regulatory region

Question 22

One role of introns is to facilitate the formation of different proteins from the same gene due to a process called

Answer 22

Alternative splicing

Question 23

Transcription of the genes of the arg operon are inhibited when arginine:

Answer 23

builds up and binds to and activates the repressor

Question 24

Which RNA may exert control on several levels in both prokaryotes and eukaryotes.

Answer 24

Regulatory

Question 25

Vancomycin-resistant enterococci (VRE) arise when, through genetic transfer, a MRSA strain acquires what operon located where

Answer 25

VanA, transposon

Question 26

The portion of tRNA that is complementary to the mRNA codon is the

Answer 26

anticodon

Question 27

Which term refers to the transfer of genes from donor to recipient microorganisms?

Answer 27

Recombination

Question 28

Viral DNA inserted into the host genome may cause the transformation of the host cell into a

Answer 28

cancerous cell

Question 29

When one bacterium donates DNA to other bacterium, it is known as

Answer 29

Recombination

Question 30

During a genetic engineering experiment, the organism that receives and replicates a foreign piece of DNA is called the

Answer 30

Cloning host

Question 31

Which type of mutation is generally most harmful to cells?

Answer 31

Frameshift: reading frame of mRNA is altered

Question 32

What compounds are commonly used as gaseous sterilants or disinfectants?

Answer 32

Chlorine dioxide, Ethylene oxide, Propylene oxide

Question 33

Which of following are the two aldehydes used most often in microbial control?

Answer 33

Glutaraldehyde and ortho-phthaldehyde

Question 34

Dyes are important for which of the following reasons?

Answer 34

Staining techniques, selective and differential media, Chemotherapeutic drugs

Question 35

The synthesis of proteins involves ribosomes that are used in a process called

Answer 35

Translation

Question 36

When microbes are treated with temperatures that exceed their maximum growth temperature, the condition is described as

Answer 36

Microbicidal

Question 37

The germicidal effects of hydrogen peroxide are due to the direct and indirect actions of which gas?

Answer 37

Oxygen