Flashcards in Microbiology Deck (196)
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1
Eukaryote
True nucleus, Protozoa
2
Prokaryote
No true nucleus, bacteria
3
Neisseria
Gram negative diplococci, coffee bean shaped
4
Vibrio
Gram negative, Comma shaped
5
Campylobacter
Gram Negative, M/C/C diarrhea
6
Pseudomonas
Blue/Green pus, warm and moist places
7
Francisella
Rabbit Fever
8
Legionella
Water borne
9
Spirochaetales
Treponema, Borrelia, Leptospira (bacteria)
10
Chlamydiaceae
Chlamydia (bacteria)
11
Mycoplasmataceae
Mycoplasma, atypical pneumonia, lacks cell wall, Penicillin stops cell wall synthesis
12
Rickettsiaceae
Spread by insects
13
Coxiella
Spread by milk, Q fever
14
Hepatitis B Virus
DNA virus
15
Paramyxoviridae
Measles, Mumps virus
16
Coronaviridae
Corona virus, SARS in China 2002
17
Rhabdoviridae
Rabies Virus, hydropobia, bullet shaped
18
Filoviridae
Ebola
19
Reoviridae
Polio, Coxsackie
20
Togaviridae
Rubella (German Measles)
21
Flaviviridae
Dengue virus, Yellow fever virus, St. Louis Encephalitis (Jaundice and mosquitos)
22
Caliciviridae
Norwalk virus, causes gastroenteritis,
Seen on cruise ships
23
IgA
Secretory AB
Found in mucous membranes (saliva, tears), Breast milk
8 binding sites
24
IgD
Helps IgG
25
IgE
Parasitic and allergic infections
Seen in Hodgkin's (Reed-Sternberg Cells)
26
IgG
First to increase at second exposure
Most numerous
Crosses placenta (Gee ma, thanks!)
Anamnestic response (Never forgets)
27
IgM
10 binding sites
Largest and heaviest
First to increase at first exposure
Non-specific
28
Interleukin I
Made by macrophages
29
Interleukin II
Made by CD4 (t-helper) cells
30
Interleukin III
Made by big bone marrow
31
MHC
Self vs. non-self
Tissue graft rejection and organ rejection
T-cells --> MHC I
B-cells --> MHC I and II
32
Staph Aureus Pneumonic
STOIC
Scaled Skin Syndrome
Toxic Shock
Osteomyelitis (M/C/C staph aureus --> hospital staff)
Impetigo (honey crusted lesions)
Carbuncles (many furuncles --> a carload of furuncles)
33
Strep Pyogenes Pneumonic
SERGIS
Strep throat
Erysipelas --> St. Anthony's fire
Rheumatic Fever --> Group A beta hemolytic strep
Glomerulonephritis
Impetigo
Scarlet Fever (Strawberry tongue)
34
Complement System
Enhances phagocytosis or cell lysis
Classic and alternate pathways meet at C3B
C5B-C9 --> membrane attack complex
C9 is the end of the system
35
Aschoff Bodies
Rheumatic fever (McCallums Patch)
36
Babes Ernst Granules
Metachromatic granules seen in Diphtheria
37
Downey Cell
Mononucleosis
Don't let Mono get you Down
38
Epithelioid Hystiocyte
TB, Giant epitheloid cell
39
Gohn Complex
TB (inactive phase)
Calcium jail around the mycobacterium
40
Guarneri Bodies
Small Pox (Variola)
41
Gummas
Tertiary Syphilis
42
Koplik Spots
Measles (Rubeola)
On buccal mucosa, white/bluish spots
43
Lipofuscin
Old age pigment
Brown's Atrophy
44
Lewy Bodies
Parkinson's (AKA. Paralysis Agitans)
45
Mallory Bodies
Hepatitis (alcoholism)
46
Negri Bodies
Rabies (hydrophobia)
47
Reed Sternberg
Hodgkin's
48
Russell Bodies
Plasma cells
Multiple Myeloma
49
Natural Active Immunity
Exposed to the disease
50
Artificial Active Immunity
Injection of weakened or dead virus
51
Natural Passive Immunity
Given AB in utero/breastfeeding
52
Artificial Passive Immunity
Injection of preformed AB
53
Endotoxin
Toxin from lipopolysaccharide layer of cell
Heat Stable
54
Exotoxin
Toxin outside the cell from cell waste products
Heat Labile
55
Fomite
inanimate object's as vector
56
Hapten
Partial antigen or half antigen
Does not stimulate immune response
57
Neurotoxin
Toxin that affects the NS (botulism, tetanus)
58
Opsonin
Enhance phagocytosis
59
Prion
Acellular protein which denatures other proteins
Cannot be autoclaved
60
Type I Hypersensitivity
Anaphylactic
Bronchial Asthma (allergy)
Bee sting, hay fever
IgE, Mast cell, Histamine, basophils
61
Type II Hypersensitivity
Cytotoxic
Goodpasteur's (lung and kidney)
Erythroblastosis fetalis (Coombs Anemia)
Blood transfusion
Myasthenia Gravis
IgG
2 things --> Antigen and AB
62
Type III Hypersensitivity
Immune-complex mediated
Lupus, RA
Arthus reaction --> local necrosis
Serum sickness --> systemic
IgG and Complement
3 things --> Antigen, AB and Complement
63
Type IV Hypersensitivity
Delayed (Cell-mediated)
TB
Transplant rejeciton
Contact dermatitis
T-cells, lymphocytes
NOT AB MEDIATED
64
Autotroph
Inorganic material
65
Heterotroph
Organic material
66
Saprophyte
Dead/decaying animal
67
Parasite
Living organisms
68
Facultative
Presence OR absence of O2
69
Obligate
Must have O2 or Must not have O2
70
Microaerophilic
Reduced O2 (high altitude)
Candle jar culture
71
Symbiosis
one or both benefit
72
Mutualism
Both benefit
73
Synergism
Both benefit and cannot survive without the other
74
Commensalism
One benefits, other is unaffected
75
Zoonosis
Transfer of disease from animal to human
76
Ames Test
Carcinogenicity
Uses Salmonella typhimurium
77
ASO Titer Test
Antistreptolysin O titre
Tests Strep Pyogenes
78
BOD Test
Biological Oxygen Demand
Best test for water pollution
79
Catalase Test
Staph (+) vs. Strep (-)
80
Chick Embryo Culture Test
Virus culture
Cannot grow in agar
81
Chocolate Agar Test
AKA. Thayer Martin Agar or Heated Blood Agar
Gonorrhea
82
Coagulase Test
Staph Aureus (+) vs. other Staph (-)
Pathogenic vs. non-pathogenic
83
Coombs Test
Tests RBC antigens
Type II Hypersensitivity
Hemolytic anemia, Erythroblastosis fetalis, Rh factor
84
Giemsa Stain Test
Protozoa
85
HLA DR5/CD4
AIDS (ELISA test checks DNA, Western Blot checks proteins)
If 2 ELSIA are + --> western blot
If western blot + --> AIDS
86
Mannitol Salt Test
Staph
87
Paul Bunnel Test
Heterophile agglutination test for Mono
88
Quellung Reaction Test
Quellung = Swelling
Swelling of capsule of Strep Pneumoniae
89
Sabouraud Agar Test
Test for Fungi
90
Tissue Culture Test
Virus Culture
Cannot grow in agar
91
Weil Felix Test
Serology test
Positive for all Rickettsia (EXCEPT Coxiella burnetii --> Q fever)
Antigen for test --> Proteus vulgaris
92
Widal Test
Typhoid fever test
93
Tzank Test
Look for altered epithelioid cells
Herpes Zoster and simplex
Also Varicella
94
Syphilis Tests
Wasserman
VDRL
Darkfield
95
Tuberculosis Tests
Mantous Test --> PPD
Tine Test --> skin prick
Ziehl Nielson Staining
Acid Fast --> My ass is fast
Chest x-ray --> Gohn Complex
BCG --> mycobacterium bovis
Best test --> Sputum culture
96
Mononucleosis Tests
Heterophile antibody
Heterophile agglutination --> Paul Bunnel
Downey Cell --> don't let mono get you down
Monospot
97
Sterilization/Autoclave is ineffective against:
Prions
98
Inactivated Vaccination
Salk --> Polio
Rabies
99
Toxoid Vaccination
Tetnus
Botulism
100
Live Attenuated Vaccination
MMR
Sabin --> oral
101
What disease can be acquired post-vaccination?
Guillian Barre (AKA. Post-infectious polyradiculopathy)
102
Case Control Study
Identifies risk factor
103
Double Blind Study
Eliminate placebo effect
104
Retrospective Study
Look back, go back in time
105
Blue/Green Pus
Pseudomonas aeruginosa
Un-sanitized hot tub
Fluoresces blue under UV light from Pyocyanin and fluorescein pigments
106
Red Pus
Serratia marcenscens
107
White Pus
Chlamydia
108
Yellow Pus
Staph Aureus
109
Yellow/Green Pus
Gonorrhea
110
Iodine
Pre-op disinfectant
111
MRSA
Methycilline Resistant Staph Aureus
Hospitals use Vancomycin
112
Sulfa
Competes with PABA --> Para-amino Benzoic Acid
113
Tetracycline
Inhibits protein synthesis
Turns teeth yellow/brown or gray
114
Ehrlich
First treatment for syphilis
115
Flemming
Discovered Penicillin --> 1928
116
Iwanowski
Discovered the virus
117
Jenner
Developed Smallpox (Variola) vaccine
118
Koch
Anthrax vaccine.
4 postulates
119
Lister
Antisepsis
120
Pasteur
Father of Pathology/Germ Theory
Rabies Vaccine
121
Pyusner
Discovered Prions --> Mad Cow
122
Reed
Yellow Fever
123
Sabin
Live polio vaccine, oral
124
Salk
Dead polio vaccine, injection
125
Semmelweiss
Wash hands before delivering baby --> reduced puerperal fever (AKA. Childbed Fever)
126
Conjugation
plasmid DNA transfer via sex pilus (bacteria)
127
Transduciton
Bacteriophage transfers genetic material between bacteria
128
Transformation
Direct uptake of free DNA
129
CDC
Stats, not research
Atlanta, GA
130
EPA
Monitors soil, air and water quality
Can't do anything
131
FDA
Regulates health products released to public
132
NIH
Research, not stats
Bethesda, MD
133
OSHA
Makes rules concerning occupational toxicity levels of hazardous materials
134
USDA
Responsible for milk and milk production
135
Emerging
New disease or rapid increase of a disease in incidence of in a geographic range
136
Endemic
Small number of cases in specific location
137
Incidence
Number of NEW cases in a given TIME PERIOD
138
Prevalance
TOTAL number of cases at a particular POINT IN TIME
139
Filtration
Filters big stuff (uses screens)
Primary
140
Flocculation
Aluminum tricholride --> causes clumping to occur
Primary
141
Sedimentation
Precipitate falls
Primary
142
Sludge Digestion
Add anaerobic bacteria
Primary
143
Sand Filtration
Removes Anaerobic bacteria
Trickling filter
Secondary
144
Aeration
Adds oxygen to water to improve color and taste
Kills remaining anaerobic bacteria
Decreases BOD
Secondary
145
Chlorination
Kills remaining bacteria
Secondary
146
Hymenolepis nana
Dwarf tapeworm
147
Taenia saginata
Beef tapeworm
148
Taenia solium
Pork tapeworm
Cysticercosis
149
Diphyllobothrium latum
May cause B12 deficiency
Freshwater salmon
150
Echinococcus granulosus
Dog tapeworm
Also found in wolves
Hydatid cyst in live and lung
151
Shistosoma japonicum
Blood fluke
Swimmer's itch
M/C/C of death by a helminth worldwide
152
Paragonimus westermani
Pulmonary (lung) fluke
Crayfish, mouth
153
Ascaris lumbricoides
Ass is round --> Roundworm
M/C roundworm
M/C Helminth infection worldwide
154
Wuchereria bancrofti
Filiariasus
Mosquito
Elephantitis --> lymphatic blockage
155
Necator americanus
Hookworm
Fecal contaminated soil
Wear shoes to prevent this
M/C Hookworm in US
156
Enterobius vermicularis
Pinworm (Threadworm)
Anus-finger-mouth
Scotch tape test
Nocturnal
M/C Helminth in US
157
Onchocerca volvulus
River blindness
Africa
158
Loa loa
River eye worm
African eye worm
159
Trichonella spiralis
Trichinosis
Raw pork
Lives in striated muscles
DX on x-ray --> gastrocnemius
160
Trichuris trichura
Whipworm
161
Capsomere
subunit of the protein coat "capsid" of a virus particle
162
1st virus ever discovered
Tobacco Mosaic Virus
163
Viroid
Single Stranded RNA
164
Virus
DNA or RNA
Contains one or the other, NOT both
165
Arboviruses/Arthropod borne viruses transmission
Mosquitos
166
Polio transmission
Oral/Fecal
167
Hepatitis transmission
A = Oral/Fecal
B = Sexual transmission
C = Transfusions, tattooing, possibly sexual
168
Herpes Simplex Type 1
Fever blisters (Cold sores)
Can be in genome of Trigeminal
169
Herpes Simplex Type 2
Genital herpes
170
Herpes Zoster
Shingles in adults
Does not cross midline
Follows dermatome
171
Molluscum Contagiosum
Pink cauliflower lesion on female genitalia
172
Papovavirus (aka. papillomavirus)
Warts
Casual Contact
173
Rubella
German Measles (3-day measles)
Most susceptible in 1st trimester
174
Rubeola
Red Measles
Koplik Spots on buccal mucosa --> white/blusish spots
3 C's = cough, coryza (runny nose), conjunctivitis
175
Vaccinia
Cow Pox
176
Varicella
Chicken Pox
Maculopapularvesicular rash
177
Variola
Small pox
Guarneri bodies
1977 = eradicated
178
Coxsackie
B = childhood dysentery
Hand, foot, and mouth disease
179
Hantavirus
spread by rodents, including chipmunks and pairiedogs
180
Polio
Affects anterior horn (alpha motor)
Bulbar type produces respiratory paralysis
181
Adenovirus
Causes conjunctivitis, pharyngitis
182
Influenza
Antigenic shift and/or drift
183
Mumps
Sidomegalic paramyxoid virus
parotiditis, leads to LMN disease of CN 7 (Bells Palsy)
Sterility from Oophoritis or orchitis
184
RSV
Respiratory Syncytial virus
Croup and Bronchiolitis
185
Rabies
Bullet shaped under electron microscope
RNA, rhabdo virus
Negri bodies in brain
Hydrophobia
186
Reyes Syndrome
Negative reaction to aspirin taken for a viral infection (M/C flu)
Fatty liver and encephalopathy
Can be fatal
187
AIDS
Reverse transcriptase. RNA --> DNA
CD4 cells = T-helper cells
Latent persistant infection, allows opportunistic infections
188
Pneumocystis carinii
#1 fungal infection in AIDS
#1 cause of death in AIDS (from pneumonia)
189
Toxoplasmosis
#1 parasitic infection in AIDS
Spread by cat feces
190
Kaposi sarcoma
#1 death by cancer in AIDS
191
Hepatitis A
Fecal/Oral
Not a carrier for life
RNA
Get it and get over it
192
Hepatitis B
Sexual, IV drug abuse
Carrier for life
Liver cancer (M/C/C)
DNA
193
Hepatitis C
Tattoos, blood transfusion
Carrier for life
RNA
Screen blood
194
Hepatitis D
Co-infeciton with Hep B
Dane particle
Only replicates in presence of Hep B
195
Bubonic Plague (Black Death)
Athropod Borne
Yersinia Pestis (Pasteurella pestis)
Rat flea
Bubos = neck and axillary lymph node enlargement
Death by asphyxiation
196
