Microbiology

Question 1

Prion Proteins

Answer 1

largest of the infectious agents
no RNA / DNA
rare but cause incurable brain infection
destroy surgical instruments - not destroyed by disinfection/ sterilisation

Question 2

Creutzfeldt-Jacob Disease (CJD)

Answer 2

‘mad cow disease’

Prion disease

Question 3

PrPSc

Answer 3

Misfolded form of PrPc

can transform other proteins into prion proteins

Question 4

Has a protein coat and an envelope

Answer 4

Virus

Question 5

Has a cell membrane and a cell wall

Answer 5

Bacteria

Question 6

Pili

Answer 6

fimbriae on a bacterium

used for adhesion

Question 7

Flagellae

Answer 7

on a bacterium

used for movement

Question 8

coccus bacteria

Answer 8

round

Question 9

bacillus bacteria

Answer 9

rod

Question 10

spirochaete bacteria

Answer 10

spiral

Question 11

Limitations of Gram stain

Answer 11

Mycobacterium TB (waxy coat)
Treponema Pallidum

Question 12

Opportunistic Pathogen

Answer 12

Only cause infection in an immunocompromised person

Question 13

Commensal

Answer 13

An organism that is part of the normal flora

Question 14

Pathogenicity

Answer 14

ability of a microorganism to produce disease

Question 15

Virulence

Answer 15

the degree of pathogenicity of an organism
or
the degree of damage caused my a microbe to its host

Question 16

What is meant by the Lag phase of the bacterial growth curve?

Answer 16

When DNA is replicating, before growth occurs

Question 17

What is meant by the Log phase of the bacterial growth curve?

Answer 17

Bacterial growth commences, availability of nutrients

Question 18

What is meant by the Stationary phase of the bacterial growth curve?

Answer 18

Rate of bacterial production = rate of bacterial death

Question 19

Aerobic Bacterial Growth

Answer 19

Growth in the presence of air (O2)

Question 20

Microaerobic Bacterial Growth

Answer 20

Reduced conc of O2, enriched with CO2

Question 21

Anaerobic Bacterial Growth

Answer 21

No oxygen

Question 22

Gram +ve Toxin

Answer 22

Exotoxin

Question 23

Gram -ve Toxin

Answer 23

Endotoxin

Question 24

Effects of toxins

Answer 24

Damage RBC/WBC
Make small blood vessels leaky
Affect blood clotting
–> sepsis

Question 25

Sepsis

Answer 25

presence of bacteria + toxins in tissues, usually caused by infection

Question 26

Diagnostic methods for bacteria

Answer 26

``` Microscopy - gram-stained film Culture - agar plates Antigen detection (urine) Antibody detection (blood) PCR ```

Question 27

meningitis

Answer 27

inflammation of the meninges (linings surrounding the brain)

Question 28

rigor

Answer 28

"shivering attack" as raised temperature drops | a sign of pyrexia

Question 29

Fever

Answer 29

>38

Question 30

Prostaglandin E

Answer 30

increases the body's thermal set point

Question 31

Streptococcus enterococcus and stalococcus are all examples of

Answer 31

gram positive cocci

Question 32

Strips of cocci

Answer 32

Streptococci

Question 33

Haemolysis is used to differentiate and classify

Answer 33

Streptococci

Question 34

Alpha haemolysis

Answer 34

Strep. pneumonium | Strep. veridans

Question 35

Beta haemolysis

Answer 35

Strep. class I and class II

Question 36

Gram positive cocci in short chains or pairs

Answer 36

strep. pneumonia

Question 37

Common commensal bacteria found in URT, vagina and bowel

Answer 37

Streptococcus veridans

Question 38

Endocarditis is most liked caused by

Answer 38

Streptococcus veridans

Question 39

Complete haemolysis caused by exotoxins that lyse RBC

Answer 39

Beta haemolysis

Question 40

Streptococcus Pyogene is a type of

Answer 40

Streptococcus Class I

Question 41

Non-haemolytic streptococci

Answer 41

Enterococci

Question 42

Common cause of a UTI

Answer 42

Entercocci

Question 43

Enterococci is a commensal bacteria commonly found in

Answer 43

normal bowel flora

Question 44

VRE

Answer 44

vancomycin resistant enterococci | outbreaks in hospital

Question 45

Gram positive cocci in grape like clusters

Answer 45

Staphylococcus

Question 46

What is the coagulation test used for

Answer 46

Distinguish Staph Aureus

Question 47

A postive, or golden, result on the coagulase test shows

Answer 47

Staphlococcus Aureus

Question 48

a common skin commensal that produces slim to allow stick to artificial material

Answer 48

Coagulase negative staphylococci

Question 49

Common cause of prosthetic joint and heart valve infection + IV and catheter infections

Answer 49

Coagulase negative staphylococci

Question 50

A common cause of bacteraemia and wound infection

Answer 50

Staphylococcus aureus

Question 51

MRSA

Answer 51

Methicillin-resistant staphylococcus aureus

Question 52

Treatment for MSSA

Answer 52

flucloxacillin

Question 53

Sensitive to flucoxacillin

Answer 53

Staphylococcus aureus

Question 54

All strains are sensitive to penicillin

Answer 54

Group A streptococcus - strep pyogene

Question 55

Enterococcus is sensitive to which antibiotic

Answer 55

amoxicillan

Question 56

protozoa

Answer 56

single celled animal

Question 57

example of a single celled protozoa infection

Answer 57

malaria

Question 58

fungi

Answer 58

higher plant like organism

Question 59

bacteria

Answer 59

small, single celled prokaryotes

Question 60

viruses

Answer 60

small obligated parasites