Microbiology

Question 1

what is more common, bacterial or viral conjunctivitis?

Answer 1

viral

Question 2

symptoms of bacterial conjunctivitis?

Answer 2

red and inflamed conjunctiva
chemosis
itching/burning
lacrimation
mucopurulent discharge
papillae formation

Question 3

common bacteria that cause conjunctivitis?

Answer 3

staph aureus

strep pneumoniae

Question 4

common bacteria that cause conjunctivitis in neonates?

Answer 4

chlamydia trachomatis

Question 5

common bacteria that cause conjunctivitis in children?

Answer 5

haemophilus influenzae

Question 6

common bacteria that causes conjunctivitis in contact lens wearers?

Answer 6

pseudomonas

Question 7

treatment for pseudomonas conjunctivitis?

Answer 7

gentamicin

Question 8

treatment for bacterial conjunctivitis?

Answer 8

chloramphenicol drops

if no improvement, fucithalmic

Question 9

when to avoid chloramphenicol?

Answer 9

history of aplastic anaemia

Question 10

symptoms of chlamydial conjunctivitis?

Answer 10

chronic
unresponsive
bilateral
symptoms of repro organs

Question 11

treatment of chlamydial conjunctivitis?

Answer 11

topical oxytetracycline

if genital infection also, oral azithromycin

Question 12

symptoms of viral conjunctivitis?

Answer 12

following URT
pre auricular glands swollen
water dishcharge
follicles

Question 13

signs of acute allergic conjunctivitis?

Answer 13

stringy discharge

Question 14

viral causes of conjunctivitis?

Answer 14

adenovirus
HSV
herpes zoster

Question 15

what is hutchison’s sign?

Answer 15

vesicles on the tip/side of nose

predictor of occular inflam

Question 16

what is endophthalmitis?

Answer 16

inflammation of the internal eye

Question 17

most common cause of endophthalmitis?

Answer 17

post surgical

Question 18

clinical signs of endophthalmitis?

Answer 18

painful red eye

decreased sight RAPIDLY

Question 19

cause of endophthalmitis?

Answer 19

staph epidermis

Question 20

investigation for endophthalmitis?

Answer 20

aqueous/vitreous culture

Question 21

treatment for endophthalmitis?

Answer 21

intravitreal amikacin and vancomycin

Question 22

what is blepharitis?

Answer 22

inflammation of the eyelids

Question 23

symptoms of blepharitis?

Answer 23

gritty eyes
foreign body sensation
mild discharge

Question 24

signs of seborrhoeic blepharitis? (anterior)

Answer 24

lid margin red
scales/dandruff
no ulceration
lashes unaffected

Question 25

signs of staph blepharitis? (anterior)

Answer 25

``` involves lash follicle lid margin red styes ulcers corneal staining lashes distorted - loss and ingrowing ```

Question 26

what is posterior blepharitis?

Answer 26

meibomian gland disease

Question 27

symptoms of posterior blepharitis?

Answer 27

lid margin, skin and lashes unaffected meibomian gland openings pouting and swollen meibom cysts (chalazia)

Question 28

associations with posterior blepharitis?

Answer 28

acne rosacea

Question 29

treatment for blepharitis?

Answer 29

hygiene (bathing) tear drops oral doxycycline

Question 30

what is keratitis?

Answer 30

inflam of the cornea

Question 31

clinical features of keratitis?

Answer 31

hypopyn | corneal ulcer

Question 32

causes of keratitis?

Answer 32

bacterial viral - HSV, adenovirus fungal

Question 33

treatment for bacterial keratitis?

Answer 33

chloramphenicol (gram +ve) | ofloxacin (gram -ve)

Question 34

what keratitis do contact lens wearers get?

Answer 34

acanthamoeba

Question 35

history for fungal keratitis?

Answer 35

trauma around vegetation

Question 36

features of herpetic keratitis

Answer 36

dendritic ulcers painful recurrent

Question 37

treatment of herpetic keratitis?

Answer 37

acyclovir

Question 38

what to avoid in herpetic keratitis and why?

Answer 38

steroids | causes corneal melt and perforation

Question 39

features of adenovirus keratitis

Answer 39

subepithelial infiltrates blurred vission bilateral after URTI

Question 40

what is orbital cellulitis?

Answer 40

infection of soft tissues posterior to the orbital septum

Question 41

causes of orbital cellulitis?

Answer 41

spread focal infection post op abscess

Question 42

features of orbital cellulitis?

Answer 42

``` pain on eye movements proptosis pyrexia redness limited to orbital socket loss of colour vision ```

Question 43

investigations and treatment for orbital cellulitis?

Answer 43

``` CT (if restricted muscles/optic nerve involvement) antibiotics abscess drainage (if required) ```

Question 44

common organisms in orbital cellulitis?

Answer 44

``` staphlycocci streptococci coliforms anaerobes haemophilus ```

Question 45

what is chorioretinitis?

Answer 45

inflammation of the choroid and retina

Question 46

what virus can cause chorioretinitis?

Answer 46

CMV in AIDS

Question 47

what protozoa can cause chorioretinitis?

Answer 47

toxoplasmosis gondii

Question 48

symptoms of toxoplasmosis chorioretinitis?

Answer 48

flu like illness | cysts may form

Question 49

investigation of toxoplasmosis and toxocara?

Answer 49

serology

Question 50

what parasite causes chorioretinitis? where from?

Answer 50

toxocara canis | found in cat and dog poo

Question 51

what does the parasite form in the eye?

Answer 51

granulomas

Question 52

causes of central corneal ulcers?

Answer 52

viral fungal bacterial (contact lens wearers - acanthamoeba)

Question 53

causes of peripheral ulcers?

Answer 53

autoimmune

Question 54

appearance of peripheral ulcers?

Answer 54

leaches out from limbus | keratolysis

Question 55

what causes marginal ulcers?

Answer 55

hypersensitivity to staph exotoxin

Question 56

symptoms of corneal ulcers?

Answer 56

``` intense pain photophobia lacrimation reduced vision circumcorneal red eye ```

Question 57

treatment of bacterial corneal ulcers?

Answer 57

ofloxacin drops

Question 58

treatment of viral corneal ulcers?

Answer 58

acyclovir ointmnt

Question 59

unusual causes of corneal ulcers?

Answer 59

sjogren's | Vit A deficiency