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Microbiology Flashcards

(57 cards)

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1
Q

what are the different classifications of microbiology

A

acute pyogenic (bacterial) meningitis

acute aseptic (viral) meningitis

acute focal suppurative infection (brain abscess, subdural and extradural)

chronic bacterial infection (tuberculosis)

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2
Q

what is acute encephalitis

A

infection of brain parenchyma

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3
Q

what is seen microscopically in pyogenic meningitis

A

neutrophils in the subarachnoid space

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4
Q

what virus’ commonlt causes viral meningitis

A

Enteroviruses

e.g. ECHO virus

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5
Q

Ix of viral meningitis

A

viral stool culture, throat swab and CSF PCR

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6
Q

what virus’s can cause encephalitis

A 
herpes simplex 
varicella zoster
CMV
HIV 
Measles
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7
Q

Tx of viral encephalitis

A

high dose IV acyclovir

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8
Q

what causes cerebral abscesses

A

spread from an intracranial infection such as mastoiditis, but usually are spread to brain through the blood stream commonly from heart and lungs

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9
Q

what bacteria commonly cause cerebral abscess

A

strep viridans
staph aureus

toxoplasma gondii in immunocompromised

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10
Q

Sx of brain abscess

A

headache
focal neuro deficits
papilloedema
N + V

no signs of infection i.e. fever, chills

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11
Q

what appears on CT or MRI in brain abscess

A

ring-enchaning lesion

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12
Q

definitive Ix of brain abscess

A

stereotaxic brain biopsy

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13
Q

what is the common cause of bacterial meningitis in children

A

h. influenza

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14
Q

what is the common cause of bacterial meningitis in adults

A

s. pneumoniae

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15
Q

what is the common cause of bacterial meningitis in immunocompromised

A

listeria monocytogenes

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16
Q

what causes Sx in Neisseria Meningitis

A

endotoxin

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17
Q

Tx of TB meningitis

A

Isoniazid + rifampicin

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18
Q

signs of bacterial meningitis

A

fever
stiff neck
alteration in consciousness

headache
vomiting
pyrexia
photophobia

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19
Q

in a lumbar puncture, what are the tubes sent for

A

Tube 1. Hematology: cell count, differential

Tube 2. Microbiology: gram stain, cultures

Tube 3. Chemistry: glucose, protein

Tube 4. Hematology: cell count, differential

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20
Q

what is aseptic meningitis

A

non-pyogenic bacterial meningitis

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21
Q

how is CSF in aseptic meningitis

A

A low number of WBC
A minimally elevated protein
A normal glucose

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22
Q

what people should undergo CT prior to LP

A 
immunocompromised 
Hx of CNS 
new onset seizure
papilloedema 
abnormal level of consciousness
focal neuro deficit
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23
Q

empirical antibiotic therapy for meningitis

Study These Flashcards
A

IV CEFTRIAXONE 2g bd

penicillin allergic = chloramphenicol with vancomycin

24
Q

antibiotic therapy for listeria meningitis

Study These Flashcards
A

IV Ampicillin/Amoxicillin

penicillin allergic = co-trimoxazole

25
what needs to be given to all patients suspected of bacterial meningitis
steroids
26
what is prophylaxis for bacterial meningitis
500 mg ciprofloxacin orally as a single dose for adults and children aged more than 12 years
27
how does infection progress to sepsis - what are the stages
colonisation >> infection >> SIRS >> sepsis >> severe sepsis >> septic shock
28
what is the criteria for SIRS
>2 of the following Temp >38 or <36 HR >90 beats/min RR >20/min WCC >12,000/mm3 or <4,000/mm3 or >10% immature neutrophils
29
what can cause SIRS
infection trauma burns pancreatitis
30
what is the definition of sepsis
SIRS with a presumed or confirmed infectious process
31
what is the definition of severe sepsis
Sepsis with signs of a least one acute organ dysfunction
32
what is the definition of septic shock
severe sepsis with hypotension refractory to adequate volume resuscitation
33
Tx for Sepsis caused by intra-abdominal infection - empirical
Amoxicillin + Gentamicin + Metronidazole
34
what is SEPSIS 6
Take 3, give 3 Take: Lactate, Blood Cultures, Urine output Give: Oxygen, Fluids, IV empirical antibiotics
35
what are aerobes
Organisms that grow better with oxygen, but can also grow without it e.g. staph, strep, enterococci, coliforms
36
what are strict aerobes
organisms that require oxygen e.g. pseudomonas sp.
37
what are strict aerobes sensitive to
gentamicin
38
what are anaerobes
organisms that will not grow in the presence of oxygen - clostridium sp, bacteroides sp
39
what are anaerobes sensitive to
metronidazole
40
what are coliforms
organisms that inhabit the large bowel
41
Tx of coliforms
gentamicin
42
what can peritonitis
perforated duodenal ulcer/appendix/diverticulum/tumour surgery
43
what are enterococcus sensitive to
amoxicillin
44
most common STI in sexual health clinics
chlamydia
45
presentation of chylamydia
``` Post coital or intermenstrual bleeding Lower abdominal pain Dyspareunia Urethral discharge Dysuria Urethritis ```
46
Ix of chylamydia
female - vulvovaginal swab male - first void ruin, rectal swab
47
Tx of chylamydia
Azithromycin 1G stat | Doxycycline 100mg BD x 1 week
48
Tx of gonorrhea
Ceftriaxone 500 mg IM Azithromycin 1g
49
what form of HPV causes genital warts
HPV 6/11
50
HPV Tx
Podophyllotoxin (Warticon) | Imiquimod (Aldara)
51
what bacteria causes syphilis
treponema pallidum
52
Viral shedding is higher with which type of Genital Herpes simplex virus
type 2
53
what bacteria is seen in normal vaginal flora
Lactobacillus spp | - produces lactic acid and hydrogen peroxide
54
Predisposing factors for candida infection
recent antibiotic therapy high oestrogen levels poorly controlled diabetes immunocompromised patients
55
Tx of candida infection
topical clotrimazole | oral fluconazole
56
Sx of bacterial vaginosis
Thin, watery, fishy-smelling vaginal discharge
57
Tx of bacterial vaginolsis
oral metronidazole

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