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Transition SB > Microbiology > Flashcards

Microbiology Flashcards

1
Q

what are the different classifications of microbiology

A

acute pyogenic (bacterial) meningitis

acute aseptic (viral) meningitis

acute focal suppurative infection (brain abscess, subdural and extradural)

chronic bacterial infection (tuberculosis)

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2
Q

what is acute encephalitis

A

infection of brain parenchyma

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3
Q

what is seen microscopically in pyogenic meningitis

A

neutrophils in the subarachnoid space

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4
Q

what virus’ commonlt causes viral meningitis

A

Enteroviruses

e.g. ECHO virus

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5
Q

Ix of viral meningitis

A

viral stool culture, throat swab and CSF PCR

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6
Q

what virus’s can cause encephalitis

A 
herpes simplex 
varicella zoster
CMV
HIV 
Measles
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7
Q

Tx of viral encephalitis

A

high dose IV acyclovir

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8
Q

what causes cerebral abscesses

A

spread from an intracranial infection such as mastoiditis, but usually are spread to brain through the blood stream commonly from heart and lungs

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9
Q

what bacteria commonly cause cerebral abscess

A

strep viridans
staph aureus

toxoplasma gondii in immunocompromised

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10
Q

Sx of brain abscess

A

headache
focal neuro deficits
papilloedema
N + V

no signs of infection i.e. fever, chills

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11
Q

what appears on CT or MRI in brain abscess

A

ring-enchaning lesion

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12
Q

definitive Ix of brain abscess

A

stereotaxic brain biopsy

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13
Q

what is the common cause of bacterial meningitis in children

A

h. influenza

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14
Q

what is the common cause of bacterial meningitis in adults

A

s. pneumoniae

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15
Q

what is the common cause of bacterial meningitis in immunocompromised

A

listeria monocytogenes

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16
Q

what causes Sx in Neisseria Meningitis

A

endotoxin

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17
Q

Tx of TB meningitis

A

Isoniazid + rifampicin

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18
Q

signs of bacterial meningitis

A

fever
stiff neck
alteration in consciousness

headache
vomiting
pyrexia
photophobia

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19
Q

in a lumbar puncture, what are the tubes sent for

A

Tube 1. Hematology: cell count, differential

Tube 2. Microbiology: gram stain, cultures

Tube 3. Chemistry: glucose, protein

Tube 4. Hematology: cell count, differential

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20
Q

what is aseptic meningitis

A

non-pyogenic bacterial meningitis

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21
Q

how is CSF in aseptic meningitis

A

A low number of WBC
A minimally elevated protein
A normal glucose

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22
Q

what people should undergo CT prior to LP

A 
immunocompromised 
Hx of CNS 
new onset seizure
papilloedema 
abnormal level of consciousness
focal neuro deficit
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23
Q

empirical antibiotic therapy for meningitis

A

IV CEFTRIAXONE 2g bd

penicillin allergic = chloramphenicol with vancomycin

24
Q

antibiotic therapy for listeria meningitis

A

IV Ampicillin/Amoxicillin

penicillin allergic = co-trimoxazole

25
Q

what needs to be given to all patients suspected of bacterial meningitis

A

steroids

26
Q

what is prophylaxis for bacterial meningitis

A

500 mg ciprofloxacin orally as a single dose for adults and children aged more than 12 years

27
Q

how does infection progress to sepsis - what are the stages

A

colonisation&raquo_space; infection&raquo_space; SIRS&raquo_space; sepsis&raquo_space; severe sepsis&raquo_space; septic shock

28
Q

what is the criteria for SIRS

A

> 2 of the following

Temp >38 or <36
HR >90 beats/min
RR >20/min
WCC >12,000/mm3 or <4,000/mm3 or >10% immature neutrophils

29
Q

what can cause SIRS

A

infection
trauma
burns
pancreatitis

30
Q

what is the definition of sepsis

A

SIRS with a presumed or confirmed infectious process

31
Q

what is the definition of severe sepsis

A

Sepsis with signs of a least one acute organ dysfunction

32
Q

what is the definition of septic shock

A

severe sepsis with hypotension refractory to adequate volume resuscitation

33
Q

Tx for Sepsis caused by intra-abdominal infection - empirical

A

Amoxicillin + Gentamicin + Metronidazole

34
Q

what is SEPSIS 6

A

Take 3, give 3

Take:
Lactate, Blood Cultures, Urine output

Give:
Oxygen, Fluids, IV empirical antibiotics

35
Q

what are aerobes

A

Organisms that grow better with oxygen, but can also grow without it

e.g. staph, strep, enterococci, coliforms

36
Q

what are strict aerobes

A

organisms that require oxygen

e.g. pseudomonas sp.

37
Q

what are strict aerobes sensitive to

A

gentamicin

38
Q

what are anaerobes

A

organisms that will not grow in the presence of oxygen

  • clostridium sp, bacteroides sp
39
Q

what are anaerobes sensitive to

A

metronidazole

40
Q

what are coliforms

A

organisms that inhabit the large bowel

41
Q

Tx of coliforms

A

gentamicin

42
Q

what can peritonitis

A

perforated duodenal ulcer/appendix/diverticulum/tumour

surgery

43
Q

what are enterococcus sensitive to

A

amoxicillin

44
Q

most common STI in sexual health clinics

A

chlamydia

45
Q

presentation of chylamydia

A 
Post coital or intermenstrual bleeding
Lower abdominal pain
Dyspareunia
Urethral discharge
Dysuria
Urethritis
46
Q

Ix of chylamydia

A

female - vulvovaginal swab

male - first void ruin, rectal swab

47
Q

Tx of chylamydia

A

Azithromycin 1G stat

Doxycycline 100mg BD x 1 week

48
Q

Tx of gonorrhea

A

Ceftriaxone 500 mg IM

Azithromycin 1g

49
Q

what form of HPV causes genital warts

A

HPV 6/11

50
Q

HPV Tx

A

Podophyllotoxin (Warticon)

Imiquimod (Aldara)

51
Q

what bacteria causes syphilis

A

treponema pallidum

52
Q

Viral shedding is higher with which type of Genital Herpes simplex virus

A

type 2

53
Q

what bacteria is seen in normal vaginal flora

A

Lactobacillus spp

- produces lactic acid and hydrogen peroxide

54
Q

Predisposing factors for candida infection

A

recent antibiotic therapy
high oestrogen levels
poorly controlled diabetes
immunocompromised patients

55
Q

Tx of candida infection

A

topical clotrimazole

oral fluconazole

56
Q

Sx of bacterial vaginosis

A

Thin, watery, fishy-smelling vaginal discharge

57
Q

Tx of bacterial vaginolsis

A

oral metronidazole

Transition SB (5 decks)

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