Microbiology

Question 1

Transpeptidase

Answer 1

Penicillin binding protein found in peptidoglycan

Question 2

Cell wall is thicker in

Answer 2

Gram positive bacteria

Question 3

Cell wall chemical composition

Answer 3

1. Peptidoglycan

2. Lipoteichoic acid (induces TNF and IL-1)

Question 4

Outer membrane function

Answer 4

Site of endotoxins (LPS)

Question 5

Outer membrane chemical composition

Answer 5

Lipid A (induces TNF and IL-1); O polysaccharide is the antigen

Question 6

Plasma membrane

Answer 6

Site of oxidative and transport enzymes

Question 7

Periplasm chemical composition

Answer 7

B-lactamase

Question 8

Pilus/fimbria chemical composition

Answer 8

Glycoproteins

Question 9

Flagellum chemical composition

Answer 9

Protein

NB: increase flagellum in proteus (swarming motility)

Question 10

Spore chemical composition

Answer 10

Dipicolinic acid; peptidoglycan

Question 11

Plasmid function

Answer 11

Contains a variety of genes for antibiotic resistance,menzymes, and toxins.

Question 12

Capsule chemical composition

Answer 12

Polysaccharide layer (except Bacillus anthracis, which contains D-glutamate)

Question 13

Glycocalyx function

Answer 13

Slime layer that mediates adherence to foreign surfaces especially indwelling catheters (staph epi.)

Question 14

Bacterial structures unique to gram negative bacteria

Answer 14

1. Porin
2. Endotoxin/LPS (outer membrane)
3. Periplasmic space (B-lactamase location)

Question 15

Bacterial structure unique to gram positive

Answer 15

Lipoteichoic acid (cell wall)

Question 16

TNF & IL-1 induced by

Answer 16

Lipoteichoic acid (gram positive)

Lipid A (LPS- gram negative)

Question 17

Bacteria that produce endospores

Answer 17

1. Bacillus

2. Clostridium

Question 18

Spirochetes

Answer 18

Borrelia
Leptospira
Treponema

*Axial filaments

Question 19

No cell wall

Answer 19

Mycoplasma
Ureaplasma
*contain sterol

Question 20

Changes pili to evade host response

Answer 20

N.gonnorhea

Question 21

Biofilm producing bacteria

Answer 21

S.epidemidis
Viridans step
Pseudomonas
Nontypable H.influenza

Question 22

Gram stain limitations

Answer 22

These Microbes May Lack Real Color 
Treponema 
Mycobacteria 
Mycycoplasm 
Legionella 
Rickettsia 
Chlamydia

Question 23

Giemsa

Answer 23

Chlamydia, Borrelia, Rickettsia, Trypanosomes Plasmodium

Certain Bugs Really Try my Patience

Question 24

PAS (periodic acid-Schiff)

Answer 24

Whipple diseae (Tropheryma whipplei). 
Stains glycogen

Question 25

Ziehl-Neelsen (carbol fuchsin)

Answer 25

Acid fast bacteria (Nocardis, Mycobacteria) Protozoa (Cryptosporidium oocysts) NB: alternative is auramine-rhodamine stain for screening (apple green=positive acid fast)

Question 26

India ink

Answer 26

Cryptococcus Neoformans

Question 27

Silver stain

Answer 27

Fungi (pneumocystis) Legionella H.pylorie

Question 28

Media for H.influenza

Answer 28

``` Chocolate agar Factors V (NAD) and X (hematin) ```

Question 29

Media for Neisseria

Answer 29

Thayer-Martin Vancomycin (inhibits gram +ve) Trimethoprim, colistin (inhibits gram -ve except Neisseria) Nystatin (inhibits fungi)

Question 30

Media for Bordetella Pertussis

Answer 30

Bordet-Gengou agar (potato) | Regan-Lowe medium (charcoal, blood, and antibiotics)

Question 31

Media for C.diptheriae

Answer 31

Cysteine Tellurite agar, Löffler medium

Question 32

Media for M.pnuemoniae

Answer 32

Eaton agar (requires cholesterol)

Question 33

Lactose-fermenting enterics media

Answer 33

MacConkey agar (selective for gram -ve and differential) Pink colonies

Question 34

Media for E.coli

Answer 34

Eosin-METHylene blue (EMB) agar | Green metallic sheen

Question 35

Media for Legionella

Answer 35

Buffered Charcoal Yeast Extract

Question 36

Fungi Media

Answer 36

Sabouraud agar

Question 37

Aerobes

Answer 37

Nagging Pests Must Breathe Nocardia Psedomonas MycoBacterium TB

Question 38

Anaerobes

Answer 38

``` F ABC Fusobacterium Actinomyces Bacterioides Clostridium ```

Question 39

Antibiotic that is ineffective against anaerobes

Answer 39

Aminoglycosides (require O2)