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Principles > Microbiology > Flashcards

Microbiology Flashcards

1
Q

Ribosomes in eukaryotic cells

A

80s

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2
Q

What is bacterial cell wall made up of

A

Peptidoglycan

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3
Q

Gram +vs vs -ve cell wall

A

Gram positive have thick cell wall, retain crystal violet

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4
Q

What are lipopolysacchardies

A

Endotoxins. Present in outer membrane of gram negative bacteria

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5
Q

What makes up bacterial flagella

A

Flagellin, a globular protein

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6
Q

What is a biofilm

A

Biofilm is a group of organisms in which cells stick to one another and to the surface

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7
Q

Prokaryotes that can survive body temperature

A

Mesophils - Body temperature
Psycrophiles - Low temperature
Thermophiles - High temperature

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8
Q

Aerobes, Microaerophiles, Facultative anaerobes, Obligate anaerobes

A

Aerobe - Survive and grow in oxygen
Microaerophils - Poisoned by high oxygen levels
Facultative anaerobes - Survive with/without Oxygen
Obligate anaerobes - Poisoned by Oxygen

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9
Q

What does the bacterial growth curve consist of

A

Lag phase, Exponential phase, Stationary phase, Decline phase

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10
Q

Streptococci vs Staphylococci

A

Streptococci - Division to produce chains

Staphylococci - Division to produce clumps

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11
Q

What are vibrio bacteria

A

Gram negative, slightly curved rod shaped

Ex: Vibrio cholerae

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12
Q

Spirillium vs Spirochaete

A

Spirillium are aerobes, with a rigid cell wall. They move by means of a flagella. Spirochaete are flexible spiral bacteria, move in a corkscrew motion

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13
Q

Gram stain colours

A

Gram positive - Purple due to think cell wall

Gram negative - Pink

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14
Q

What is selective media

A

Presence of specific substance permits the growth of one organism over the other

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15
Q

What is differential media

A

Incorporation of chemicals produces visible change colonies that facilitate identification

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16
Q

What are serological tests

A

Serological tests use antibodies released in response to antigens. Detects IgM antibody

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17
Q

Polyclonal vs monoclonal

A

Antibody specific to microbe/virus = Polyclonal

Antibody specific to one component = Monoclonal

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18
Q

What is MALDI-TOF not very effective against

A

Streptococci and Staphylococci

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19
Q

What is virulence

A

Capacity of a microbe to cause damage to the host

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20
Q

What is opportunistic pathogen

A

A pathogen that causes infection when the opportunity arise, eg: immunocompromised individuals

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21
Q

Major protozoan disease

A

Malaria

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22
Q

Common gram positive pathogens

A 
Streptococcus
Staphylococcus
Enterococcus
Clostridium
Fusobacterium
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23
Q

Infectious gram negative cocci

A

Neisseria meningitidis - Bacterial meningitis

Neisseria gonorrhoea - STI

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24
Q

What are coliforms

A

Gram negative facultative aerobes that look like Escherichia coli on gram film

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25
Q

First line antibiotic for coliforms

A

Gentamicin

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26
Q

What are O and H antigens

A

O antigens are from bacterial cell walls, H from flagella

27
Q

What are endotoxins?

A

Outer membrane of gram negative bacteria, elicit an immune response form host body by binding to macrophage and B cells and stimulating release of acute phase cytokines, SIRS or endotoxin shock

28
Q

How do endotoxins produce fever

A

Lipopolysaccharides interact with macrophages. This releases cytokines into the bloodstream, travelling to the anterior hypothalamus. Prostaglandin E is released which increases the bodys thermal set point. Body perceives its cold and starts to shiver, inducing a fever

29
Q

What gram positive bacteria is nosocomial and community acquired

A

Staphylococcus

30
Q

How can Streptococcus be differentiated

A

Haemolysis
Alpha - Partial, green colonies, S.pneumoniae
Beta - Complete, yellow colonies, S.milleri
Gamma - No haemolysis, Enterococci

31
Q

Associated diseases with group A streptococci

A

Scarlet fever
Severe sore throat
Necrotising fasciitis
Called GAS - Harbour Lancefield group A antigen

32
Q

First line treatment for infections by anaerobes

A

Metronidazol

33
Q

Commonest cause of urinary tract infections

A

Enterococci - Gamma haemolysis

34
Q

When can S.epidermis cause infections

A

Nosocomial infection - foreign devices like catheter

Immunocompromised

35
Q

When does Clostridium sp. cause infections

A

Elderly
Antibiotic abuse
Changes in gut flora

36
Q

What can cause Pseudomembranous collitis

A

Clostridium difficile, can lead to diarrhoea

37
Q

Steps of a viral infection

A

Attachment, Entry, Uncoating, Nuclei acid and protein synthesis, Assembly, Release

38
Q

How are enveloped viruses released

A

Released by budding, unenveloped by lysis

39
Q

What structure does Erythromycin target

A

Bacterial ribosome

40
Q

What is rational drug design

A

Use of detailed molecular analysis of viral targets to design a molecule that might inhibit its function. Better than blind testing.

41
Q

How can antiviral resistance be checked for

A

Analysed genotypically rather than phenotypically

42
Q

Example of viral infection causing malignancy

A

Human Papilloma Virus - Cervical cancer

Hepatitis B and C - Hepatocellular cancer

43
Q

Cytotoxic T lymphocytes and virus infection

A

Can recognise proteins on cell surface as foreign and signal infected cell to undergo apoptosis

44
Q

Antibodies in viral infection

A

Neutralising antibodies (IgM, IgG) can prevent virus binding to cellular receptors

45
Q

Detecting antibody or virus itself?

A

Detecting the virus itself is faster than waiting for antibody levels to rise

46
Q

Bacteriostatic vs Bacteriocidal

A

Inhibit growth of bacteria vs Kill bacteria

47
Q

Peak serum levels oral vs IV

A

Oral = 1 hour, IV = 15 mins

48
Q

What are persister cells

A

Persister cellsare bacterialcellsthat survive killing by antibiotics that block synthesis of peptidoglycan or DNA, but remain sensitive to that antibiotic upon being regrown and give rise to the same small fraction ofpersisters.

49
Q

How can resistant bacteria transfer their gene with one another

A

Natural competence, bacteriophage or sex pili

50
Q

Cross resistance vs multiple resistance

A

Cross resistance - Closely related antibiotics

Multiple - Unrelated antibiotics

51
Q

Beta-lactamases

A

Penicillinase - Resistant to early penicillin such as amoxicillin
Extended Spectrum Beta-Lactamase (ESBL) - Resistant to all penicillins and upto 3rd generation Cephalosporins
Carbapenamase (CPE) - All penicillins, Cephalosporins, Carbapenems

52
Q

Last line treatment for New Delhi Metallo B-Lactamase 1 (NDM-1)

A

Colistin, same side effects as Vancomycin, kidney damage (nephrotoxic) and deafness

53
Q

What drug replaced Methicillin

A

Flucloxacillin

54
Q

How does genetic resistance come about in a bacterial population

A

Genetic variation results in bacteria becoming resistant to antibiotics. This genetic material that confers resistance is exchanged due to bacteria living in close proximity via sexual pili

55
Q

Microorganisms with threat levels of urgent

A

Clostridium difficile
Enterobacteriaceae
Neisseria gonorrhoea

56
Q

How can chain of infection be broken

A

Sterilisation/disinfection
Isolation/PPE
Decontamination
Vaccination

57
Q

How can infection spread

A 
Inhalation
Ingestion
Inoculation
Mother to Infant
Intercourse
58
Q

What colour bag is for clinical waste

A

Orange, black for domestic waste

59
Q

Are small or large respiratory droplet harmful

A

Small as they evaporate to droplet nuclei which stay suspended in air currents for hours

60
Q

What kind of rooms are effective airborne precaution

A

Negative pressure room

61
Q

What is disinfectant

A

Process by which number of microorganisms are reduced to a safe level, some spores, viruses remain

62
Q

What chemicals are used for living tissue

A

Antiseptic and not disinfectant

63
Q

What is sterilisation

A

Process by which all microorganisms are removed to render object incapable of causing infection

64
Q

What is autoclave

A

High pressure, high temperature for 3 mins to sterilise

Principles (14 decks)

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