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Microbiology Flashcards

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1
Q

Ribosomes in eukaryotic cells

A

80s

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2
Q

What is bacterial cell wall made up of

A

Peptidoglycan

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3
Q

Gram +vs vs -ve cell wall

A

Gram positive have thick cell wall, retain crystal violet

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4
Q

What are lipopolysacchardies

A

Endotoxins. Present in outer membrane of gram negative bacteria

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5
Q

What makes up bacterial flagella

A

Flagellin, a globular protein

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6
Q

What is a biofilm

A

Biofilm is a group of organisms in which cells stick to one another and to the surface

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7
Q

Prokaryotes that can survive body temperature

A

Mesophils - Body temperature
Psycrophiles - Low temperature
Thermophiles - High temperature

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8
Q

Aerobes, Microaerophiles, Facultative anaerobes, Obligate anaerobes

A

Aerobe - Survive and grow in oxygen
Microaerophils - Poisoned by high oxygen levels
Facultative anaerobes - Survive with/without Oxygen
Obligate anaerobes - Poisoned by Oxygen

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9
Q

What does the bacterial growth curve consist of

A

Lag phase, Exponential phase, Stationary phase, Decline phase

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10
Q

Streptococci vs Staphylococci

A

Streptococci - Division to produce chains

Staphylococci - Division to produce clumps

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11
Q

What are vibrio bacteria

A

Gram negative, slightly curved rod shaped

Ex: Vibrio cholerae

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12
Q

Spirillium vs Spirochaete

A

Spirillium are aerobes, with a rigid cell wall. They move by means of a flagella. Spirochaete are flexible spiral bacteria, move in a corkscrew motion

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13
Q

Gram stain colours

A

Gram positive - Purple due to think cell wall

Gram negative - Pink

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14
Q

What is selective media

A

Presence of specific substance permits the growth of one organism over the other

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15
Q

What is differential media

A

Incorporation of chemicals produces visible change colonies that facilitate identification

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16
Q

What are serological tests

A

Serological tests use antibodies released in response to antigens. Detects IgM antibody

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17
Q

Polyclonal vs monoclonal

A

Antibody specific to microbe/virus = Polyclonal

Antibody specific to one component = Monoclonal

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18
Q

What is MALDI-TOF not very effective against

A

Streptococci and Staphylococci

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19
Q

What is virulence

A

Capacity of a microbe to cause damage to the host

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20
Q

What is opportunistic pathogen

A

A pathogen that causes infection when the opportunity arise, eg: immunocompromised individuals

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21
Q

Major protozoan disease

A

Malaria

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22
Q

Common gram positive pathogens

A 
Streptococcus
Staphylococcus
Enterococcus
Clostridium
Fusobacterium
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23
Q

Infectious gram negative cocci

A

Neisseria meningitidis - Bacterial meningitis

Neisseria gonorrhoea - STI

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24
Q

What are coliforms

A

Gram negative facultative aerobes that look like Escherichia coli on gram film

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25
First line antibiotic for coliforms
Gentamicin
26
What are O and H antigens
O antigens are from bacterial cell walls, H from flagella
27
What are endotoxins?
Outer membrane of gram negative bacteria, elicit an immune response form host body by binding to macrophage and B cells and stimulating release of acute phase cytokines, SIRS or endotoxin shock
28
How do endotoxins produce fever
Lipopolysaccharides interact with macrophages. This releases cytokines into the bloodstream, travelling to the anterior hypothalamus. Prostaglandin E is released which increases the bodys thermal set point. Body perceives its cold and starts to shiver, inducing a fever
29
What gram positive bacteria is nosocomial and community acquired
Staphylococcus
30
How can Streptococcus be differentiated
Haemolysis Alpha - Partial, green colonies, S.pneumoniae Beta - Complete, yellow colonies, S.milleri Gamma - No haemolysis, Enterococci
31
Associated diseases with group A streptococci
Scarlet fever Severe sore throat Necrotising fasciitis Called GAS - Harbour Lancefield group A antigen
32
First line treatment for infections by anaerobes
Metronidazol
33
Commonest cause of urinary tract infections
Enterococci - Gamma haemolysis
34
When can S.epidermis cause infections
Nosocomial infection - foreign devices like catheter | Immunocompromised
35
When does Clostridium sp. cause infections
Elderly Antibiotic abuse Changes in gut flora
36
What can cause Pseudomembranous collitis
Clostridium difficile, can lead to diarrhoea
37
Steps of a viral infection
Attachment, Entry, Uncoating, Nuclei acid and protein synthesis, Assembly, Release
38
How are enveloped viruses released
Released by budding, unenveloped by lysis
39
What structure does Erythromycin target
Bacterial ribosome
40
What is rational drug design
Use of detailed molecular analysis of viral targets to design a molecule that might inhibit its function. Better than blind testing.
41
How can antiviral resistance be checked for
Analysed genotypically rather than phenotypically
42
Example of viral infection causing malignancy
Human Papilloma Virus - Cervical cancer | Hepatitis B and C - Hepatocellular cancer
43
Cytotoxic T lymphocytes and virus infection
Can recognise proteins on cell surface as foreign and signal infected cell to undergo apoptosis
44
Antibodies in viral infection
Neutralising antibodies (IgM, IgG) can prevent virus binding to cellular receptors
45
Detecting antibody or virus itself?
Detecting the virus itself is faster than waiting for antibody levels to rise
46
Bacteriostatic vs Bacteriocidal
Inhibit growth of bacteria vs Kill bacteria
47
Peak serum levels oral vs IV
Oral = 1 hour, IV = 15 mins
48
What are persister cells
Persister cells are bacterial cells that survive killing by antibiotics that block synthesis of peptidoglycan or DNA, but remain sensitive to that antibiotic upon being regrown and give rise to the same small fraction of persisters.
49
How can resistant bacteria transfer their gene with one another
Natural competence, bacteriophage or sex pili
50
Cross resistance vs multiple resistance
Cross resistance - Closely related antibiotics | Multiple - Unrelated antibiotics
51
Beta-lactamases
Penicillinase - Resistant to early penicillin such as amoxicillin Extended Spectrum Beta-Lactamase (ESBL) - Resistant to all penicillins and upto 3rd generation Cephalosporins Carbapenamase (CPE) - All penicillins, Cephalosporins, Carbapenems
52
Last line treatment for New Delhi Metallo B-Lactamase 1 (NDM-1)
Colistin, same side effects as Vancomycin, kidney damage (nephrotoxic) and deafness
53
What drug replaced Methicillin
Flucloxacillin
54
How does genetic resistance come about in a bacterial population
Genetic variation results in bacteria becoming resistant to antibiotics. This genetic material that confers resistance is exchanged due to bacteria living in close proximity via sexual pili
55
Microorganisms with threat levels of urgent
Clostridium difficile Enterobacteriaceae Neisseria gonorrhoea
56
How can chain of infection be broken
Sterilisation/disinfection Isolation/PPE Decontamination Vaccination
57
How can infection spread
``` Inhalation Ingestion Inoculation Mother to Infant Intercourse ```
58
What colour bag is for clinical waste
Orange, black for domestic waste
59
Are small or large respiratory droplet harmful
Small as they evaporate to droplet nuclei which stay suspended in air currents for hours
60
What kind of rooms are effective airborne precaution
Negative pressure room
61
What is disinfectant
Process by which number of microorganisms are reduced to a safe level, some spores, viruses remain
62
What chemicals are used for living tissue
Antiseptic and not disinfectant
63
What is sterilisation
Process by which all microorganisms are removed to render object incapable of causing infection
64
What is autoclave
High pressure, high temperature for 3 mins to sterilise

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