Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Ophthalmology > Microbiology > Flashcards

Microbiology Flashcards

1
Q

types of gram positive bacteria:

A

cocci and bacilli

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

types of gram negative bacteria

A

cocci, cocci-bacilli and bacilli

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

examples of cocci gram positive bacteria

A

step and staph

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

examples of cocci gram negative bacteria

A

neisseria

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

examples of cocci-bacilli gram negative bacteria

A

H. influenzae

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

gram negative bacilli bacteria

A

pseudomonas

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

types of eye infections and what they affect:

A

conjunctivitis - conjunctiva
keratitis - cornea
endophthalmitis - entire globe
cellulitis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

causes of bacterial conjunctivitis in neonates

A

staph aureus, Neisseria gonorrhoea, chlamydia trachomatis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

causes of bacterial conjunctivitis in all other ages

A

staph aureus, strep pneumonia and H. influenza

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

what causes bacterial conjunctivitis especially in children?

A

H. influenza

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

what is the treatment of bacterial conjunctivitis?

A

swab, topical antibiotic - chloramphenicol qds
avoid is aplastic anaemia/allergy
allergy is noted if there is worsening symptoms

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

what are the causes of viral conjunctivitis?

A

adenovirus, herpes simplex, herpes zoster

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

what is the appearance of adenovirus conjunctivitis?

A

pink eye, tearing, photophobia, lid swelling, decreased vision

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

what is the appearance of herpes simplex?

A

corneal ulcers,

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

what to suspect in bilateral conjunctivitis in young adults?

A

chlamydial conjunctivitis

which is unresponsive to treatments

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

how does chlamydial conjunctivitis present?

A

with or without vaginitis and it requires contact tracing
follicles
sub tarsal scarring

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

what causes microbial keratitis?

A

bacteria, viruses, fungi

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

what is a hypo-yon?

A

leukocytic exudate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

what is associated with other corneal pathology or contact lens wear?

A

bacterial keratitis

need admission for hourly drops and daily review

20
Q

what causes viral microbial keratitis?

A

herpes, adenovirus

21
Q

how does herpetic keratitis present?

A

dendritic ulcers
very painful
can be recurrent

22
Q

what happens when you treat herpetic keratitis with steroids?

A

corneal melt and perforation of the cornea

23
Q

how does adenovirus keratitis present with?

A

sub epithelial infiltrates
bilateral
follows URTI
contagious may affect vision
can give topical AB to prevent secondary infection
can require steroids to speed up recovery if it becomes chronic

24
Q

what causes keratitis in contact lens wearers?

A

acanthomoeba and pseudomonas aeruginosa

25
Q

presention of fungal keratitis?

A

more indolent course than microbial keratitis, history of trauma from vegetation and takes a long time to heal

26
Q

what is the presentation of orbital cellulitis?

A 
painful - on eye movements 
proptosis 
often associated with paranasal sinusitis 
pyrexial 
sight threatening 
cared for by ENT and Ophthalmology 
CT scan to identify orbital abscesses
27
Q

orbital cellulitits

A

direct extension from sinus
extension from focal orbital infection (infected chalazion, dacryocysitis) post-operative and need to differentiate between preseptal and orbital

28
Q

what are the organisms that cause orbital cellulitis?

A

staphylococci, streptococci, coliform, H. influenza, anaerobes

29
Q

treatment for orbital cellulitis

A

any suggestion of restriction of muscles or optic nerve dysfunction requires scan, broad spectrum AB and monitor closely and sometimes an abscess will require drainage

30
Q

what is endophthalmitis?

A

devastating infection inside of the eye, post-surgical or endogenous. Painful +++ with decreasing vision, very red eye and sight threatening

31
Q

what causes endophthalmitis>

A

often conjunctival “commensals”

most common - staph epidermidis

32
Q

treatment of endophthalmitis?

A

intravitreal amikacin/ceftazidime/vancomycin and topical antibiotics

33
Q

what is the role of systemic antibiotics in endophthalmitis treatment?

A

EVS is the main body of evidence but at that time 4th get fluroquinolones which have better penetration of blood ocular barrier were not available

34
Q

what causes chorioretinitis?

A

CMV in AIDs, toxoplasma gondii, toxocara canis

35
Q

what is seen in optic disc of patients with CMV in AIDs?

A

hemorrhages

36
Q

what causes toxoplasmosis?

A

protozoan infection, toxoplasmosis gondii from cats and raw meat

37
Q

presentation of toxoplasmosis?

A

mild flu like illness which rarely causes any further problems. IN immunocompetent patients it enters latent phase with cysts forming

38
Q

what is seen in toxoplasmosis?

A

very common - specific IgG antibodies
can reactivate
requires systemic treatment if sight threatening

39
Q

what is toxocara?

A 
parasitic nematode 
affects cats or dogs 
unable to replicate in humans 
hence remains an immature form of the worm 
self-limits as they cannot replicate
40
Q

what is formed in toxocara?

A

form granulomas which van cause irreversible visual loss

41
Q

how to diagnose chlamydial/viral eye infections?

A

swabs for culture

42
Q

how to diagnose bacterial keratitis?

A

corneal scrapes

43
Q

how to diagnose endophthalmitis?

A

aqueous/vitreous for culture

44
Q

how do you diagnose acanthamoeoba?

A

microscopy/culture

45
Q

how do you diagnose toxoplasma and toxocara?

A

serology

46
Q

what are the 3 broad categories of antibiotics?

A

inhibit protein synthesis, cell wall synthesis and nucleic acid synthesis

Ophthalmology (6 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions