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Year 1 MBChB Principles > Microbiology > Flashcards

Microbiology Flashcards

(92 cards)

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1
Q

Pathogen

A

Harmful organism

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2
Q

Commensal

A

Organism that is part of the normal flora

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3
Q

Opportunistic Pathogen

A

Probably only cause infection in immunocompromised individuals

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4
Q

Contaminent

A

Organism that has got into a culture by accident

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5
Q

Pathogenicity

A

Ability of a microorganism to produce a disease

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6
Q

Virulence

A

Degree of pathogenicity of an organism

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7
Q

How do bacteria replicate

A

Binary Fission

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8
Q

3 types of atmosphere

A

Aerobic- In presence of Oxygen
Anaerobic- No O2 present
Microaerophilic-Reduced O2 concentration and enriched CO2

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9
Q

Microaerophilic

A

Reduced O2 concentration and enriched CO2

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10
Q

What do Moulds produce?

A

Produce spores and hyphae

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11
Q

Example of mould

A

Aspergillus

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12
Q

Yeast

A

Single cells that reproduce by budding

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13
Q

Example of yeast

A

Candida

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14
Q

Streptococcus-
Conditions
Shape
Haemolysis

A

Aerobic
Cocci chains
Alpha (partial) Strep pneumoniae/viridans
Beta (Complete)- Group A &Group B strep

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15
Q

Group A strep?

A

Throat/skin infection

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16
Q

Group B strep?

A

Neonatal meningitis

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17
Q 
Enterococcus- 
Conditions
Shape
Haemolysis
Role
A

Aerobic
Cocci chains
Non-haemolytic
Normal gut commensal and cause of UTIs

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18
Q 
Staphylococcus- 
Shape
Test for aureus
Antibiotic for aureous
Aureus is common cause for
A

Cocci Clusters
Coagulase positive= staph aureus= wound/skin infections (Golden)
Flucloxacillin
Bacteraemia

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19
Q

Coagulase negative test

A

Staph epidermis (white)
Normal skin commensal
IV line infections

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20
Q

Mechanism of Fever?

A

Antigen attacks macrophage
Releases cytokines
They travel to anterior hypothalamus of brain
This stimulates the production of prostoglandin E
Which resets body’s thermal set point
Body percieves it is cold, shivers to conserve heat

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21
Q

Purpose of Fever?

A

Growth of pathogen is slow if temperature increases

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22
Q

Examples of gram -ve cocci?

A

Neisseria gonhorrhoea

Neisseria Meningitidis

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23
Q

Gram negative cocci-

Conditions

A

Aerobic

Diplococci- appear in pairs on Gram Film

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24
Q

Coliforms-
Gram
Shape
Conditions

A

Negative
Bacilli
Aerobic but can also be anaerobic
Can be part of normal bowel flora

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25
Coliform Gut commensals?
E Coli Proteus spp. Klebsiella
26
Coliform Gut pathogens?
E coli 0157 Salmonella Shigella
27
Examples of strict aerobes
Gram Negative Bacilli Pseudomonas aeruginosa Legionella pneumophilia
28
Spiral/curved gram negative bacilli-
Campylobacter- food poisoning | Helicobacter pylori- Gastritis
29
Common cause of chest infection?
Haemophilus Influenzae | Small gram negative bacillus
30
Gram positive anaerobic bacilli examples?
Clostridium Part of normal bowel flora Produces spores Produces exotoxin- cause severe tissue damage
31
Gram negative anaerobic bacilli
Bacteroides spp | Normal Gut commensals, only pathogenic in other sites
32
What is metrondiazole a first line for?
Infections caused by anaerobes
33
What cells are prokaryote?
Bacteria | Fungi
34
Protozoan diseases of man?
Malaria
35
Gram Negative bacteria examples?
``` Neisseria Escherichia Klebsiella Enterobachter Proteus Salmonella Shigella Haemophilus Pseudomanas Bacteroides ```
36
Gram Positive bacteria?
``` Streptococcus Staphylococcus Enterococcus Clostridium Fusobacterium ```
37
1st antibiotic used for Coliforms?
Gentamicin
38
Body temp?
37 degrees
39
Sepsis?
Small blood vessesl become leaky lose fluid into tissues Lower blood volume requires heart to work harder to maintain oxygenation of tissues Poor tissue oxygen perfusion means blood supply to less essential organs Blood clotting system is activated causing blood clotting in tiny blood vessels- using up all blood clotting factors
40
Genetics of bacteria?
Plasmid and Chromosomes
41
3 methods of gene transfer?
Transduction Transformation Conjugation
42
Transformation
DNA from dead bacteria is taken up by living bacteria and incorperated into plasmids or chromsomes
43
Conjugation
Sex pillus formed by one bacteria through which plasmid DNA can be transferred
44
Transduction
Virus infecting bacteria can transfer bits of DNA from one bacterium to another
45
Standard infection precautions
For all patients all the time eg hand washing, PPE etc
46
Transmission based infection control
For patients with suspected known infections
47
Antibiotics?
Drugs used to treat or prevent infection caused by microorganisms
48
Bactericidal
Kill antibodies
49
Bacteriostatic
Inhibit bacterial growth
50
Which antibiotics work on the cell wall?
Penicillin, cephalosporins, glycopeptides (vancomycin)
51
Gram positive Phospholipid bilayer?
1
52
Gram negative phospholipid bilayer?
2
53
How do penicillins inhibit cell wall synthesis?
Prevent cross-linking of peptidoglycan sub-units
54
What method are penicillins?
Bactericidal
55
What coulf flucoxacillin treat?
Cellulitis Wound infection Skin/soft tissue infection
56
What method are cephalosporins?
Bactericidal
57
Beta lactam antibiotics?
Cephalosporins | Penicillins
58
How are cephalosporins excreted?
Kidneys
59
How glycopeptides work?
Bind to end of growing chain and prevent cross-linking and weakens bacterial cell wall
60
Glycopeptides method?
Bactericidal
61
What are glycopeptides only active against?
Gram positive cell walls
62
How are glycopeptides excreted?
Urine
63
Exampple of glycopeptide
Vancomycin
64
Antibiotics that inhibit protein synthesis?
Macrolides Tetracyclines Aminoglycosides
65
Method of tetracyclines and macrolides?
Bacteriostatic
66
Aminoglycosides method?
Bactericidal
67
example of tetracyclines?
Doxycycline
68
What are aminoglycosides mainly effective against?
Gram negative aerobic organisms
69
Macrolides- excreted? Useful because?
Biliary tract | Lipophilic so pass through cell membranes easily- good for infections where bacteria hides from Immune system
70
Tetracyclines? Range Excreted
``` Broad spectrum (can destruct intestinal flora= secondary infections) Biliary tract ```
71
How are aminoglycosides excreted and what is there problem?
Urine | Toxic to kidneys
72
How metrondiazole acts?
Causes strand breakage of bacterial DNA
73
How trimethoprim works?
Inhibits bacterial folic acid synthesis
74
What trimethoprim works on
Some gram negative and some gram positive
75
How fluoroquionolones work?
Prevents supercoiling of bacteria
76
Side effects of fluoroquinolones? | How it's excreted?
Weakens Tendons Causes seizures Excreted in urine
77
General antibiotics side effects?
Nausea Vomiting Diarrhoea
78
Antibiotics to avoid in pregnancy?
Gentamicin Fluoroquinolones Tetracyclines
79
Antibiotics to avoid first 3 months of pregnancy?
Trimethoprim | Metrondiazole
80
MRSA resistance?
Change in bacterial DNA can cause change in gene product which is the target of antibiotic
81
Resistance mechanism 2?
Destruction of antibiotic- | bacteria can code for enzymes that chemically degrade/ inactivate antibiotic
82
Resistance mechanism 3?
Increases Efflux- | Efflux pumps actively export amtibiotics out of bacterial cell; genetic change may result in increased rate of efflux
83
6 stages of virus replication?
``` Attachment Entry Uncoating Nucleic acid and protein synthesis Assembly Release ```
84
Attachment
Interact with specific receptors in target cells
85
Entry of virus replication
Endocytosis
86
Uncoating in viral replication
Nucleic acid and proteins unpacked together
87
Nucelic acid and protein synthesis is viral replication
Host ribsomes used (or sometimes host polymerases)
88
Assembly in viral replication
Nucleic acids and proteins packed back together
89
Release in viral replication?
Budding-Virus released with envelope developed from host cell membrane. Doesn't kill cell Lysis- Virus accumulates until cell bursts. Kills cell
90
What do cytoxic T lymphocytes do?
Recognise proteins on cell surface as being foreign and will signal infected cells to commit suicide in order to prevent formation of new viruses
91
Examples of neutralizing antibodies?
IgM, IgG
92
Neutralizing antibodies function?
Prevent viruses binding to cellular receptors

Year 1 MBChB Principles (5 decks)

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