Microbiology

Question 1

What are the two forms of yeasts?

Answer 1

oval and circular

Question 2

List the different types of sexual spores produced by fungi according to phylum

Answer 2

ascospores, basidiospores, zygospores

Question 3

What type of microbial fermentation is used in the production of yogurt ?

Answer 3

Lactic Acid Bacteria (LAB) fermentation

Question 4

List three benefits of fungi

Answer 4

1) ecological (recyclers, saprophrytic)
2) food source (mushrooms, yeast fermentation)
3) antibiotic

Question 5

Yeasts typically reproduce by ______ byt some species may form ______ if buds do not separate.

Answer 5

budding; spores

Question 6

Why should you be concerned with H2S production during wine production?

Answer 6

it would give wine rotten egg flavor

Question 7

What are 3 easy ways to remember the 3 fungi phylum?

Answer 7

1) Zygomycota: “zygo”=to come together
2) Ascomycota, sac fungi, re-arrange “sac” to get “Asc”
3) Basidomycota, “basido” comes from the greek for mushrooms

Question 8

The tubular structures forming the filaments of molds are called _______ while the entire visible mass of fungal growth is referred to as a ______.

Answer 8

hyphae; mycelium

Question 9

If yeasts are involved in fermenting bread dough, why do you not get drunk from eating a sandwich? Is there any alcohol at all in breads

Answer 9

alcohol burned off during baking; yes a little

Question 10

What are the two general types of spores?

Answer 10

1) sporangiospores

2) conidia

Question 11

What does saprophrytic mean?

Answer 11

eat dead stuff

Question 12

List three reasons why fungi are not classified as plants

Answer 12

1) fungi have chitin not cellulose (cell wall)
2) fungi have no cell differentiation (plants do)
3) fungi are chemoheterotrophs (plants=photoautotrophs)

Question 13

What are the two parts of the mycelium and functions of each?

Answer 13

1) vegatative- anchors and absorbs nutrients

2) aerial- reproduce via spore production

Question 14

Why might microbes not involved in the fermentation processes be added to the yogurt?

Answer 14

probiotics for gut and immune health

Question 15

Which club fungi is also known as the conjugation fungi?

Answer 15

Zygomycota

Question 16

What is meant by dimorphic fungi? What controls this behavior and wht is the potential benefit to the fungus?

Answer 16

Dimorphic fungi=can live as yeast or fungi; benefit: survival value (e.g. room temp AND physiologic temp)

Question 17

Which fungi phylum are also known as the club fungi

Answer 17

Basidiomycota

Question 18

Differentiate between asexual sporangiospores and conidia.

Answer 18

asexual sporangiospores are formed 1) INSIDE the 2) SPORANGIUM; conidia are formed 1) EXTERNALLY to the 2) CONIDIOPHORE

Question 19

What are 4 ways that microbes cn benefit hmans

Answer 19

1) increase flavor of food
2) increase nutritional content
3) food preservation
4) make food (yogurt, alcohol)

Question 20

Fungi from the phylum _____ produce classc mushrooms and puffballs to distribute sexual spores while members of the phylum _____ produce sexual spores within an ascus.

Answer 20

Basidiomycota; Ascomycota

Question 21

If wine is spoiled by Acetobacter what would the end result be? How would this affect the taste of the wine?

Answer 21

acetic acid; vinegar taste

Question 22

How might the fermentation of food by microbes be useful in food preservation?

Answer 22

the growth of some microbes can inhibit the growth of others, potnetially increasing shelf life

Question 23

What is an example of a pathogenic fungi and what is the condition called when someone is infected (generally) by a fungus

Answer 23

Candida; mycoses

Question 24

What fungi phylum is also known as the sac fungi

Answer 24

Ascomycota

Question 25

What are phialides?

Answer 25

finger like projections of conidia spores

Question 26

True or false: when grown on solid surfaces yeasts can behave like bacteria

Answer 26

True

Question 27

When juice is fermented, what component of the juice is being fermented and what are the products

Answer 27

sugars; CO2 and alcohol

Question 28

Differentiate between yeasts and, molds and fleshy funi

Answer 28

yeasts are unicellular, molds are multicellular; fleshy fungi are 1 type of phylum of fungi in general (Basidiomycota)

Question 29

What is phylogeny?

Answer 29

a process that involves establishing an evolutionary history between organisms

Question 30

Who established the modern 3 domain system?

Answer 30

Carl Woese

Question 31

What is the most specific name for an organism?

Answer 31

its "specific epithet"

Question 32

What is a specific epithet?

Answer 32

the most specific name for an organism

Question 33

What is the proper, scientific way of naming an organism?

Answer 33

Genus (upper case) followed by the specific epithet (lower case); the whole thing is in italics

Question 34

Species are usually defined in terms of their ability to breed with one another. Prokaryotes are asexual however. How then are they classified?

Answer 34

a population of cells with similar characteristics

Question 35

What is the difference between a clone and strain, in the context of prokaryotes?

Answer 35

clones of original cell that make up an original cell vs strains which represent the genetic variations w/n a population

Question 36

Given that viruses are not composed of cells, how are they classified taxonomically?

Answer 36

based on similar characteristics that occupy the same ecological niche, i.e. host

Question 37

What is the difference between the Bergey's Manual of Determinative Bacteriology and Bergey's Manual of Systematic Bacteriology?

Answer 37

The first identifies bacteria and archaea whereas the other is involved in classifying bacteria/archaea

Question 38

What is the difference between identifying and classifying prokaryotes?

Answer 38

Identifying unknown prokaryotes used morphology and biochemical analysis to identify unknown prokaryotes; classifying prokaryotes involves establishing relationship between the prokaryote in question using rRNA sequencing

Question 39

True or False: Acid fast stains, gram stains, and flagella stains all could be used to classify bacteria.

Answer 39

False; these methods could be used to IDENTIFY prokaryotes

Question 40

True or False: biochemical tests and acids fast stains are both methods that could be used to identify an unknown organism.

Answer 40

True; these could NOT be used to classify an organism, i.e. tell us anything about phylogeny

Question 41

What are 5 ways of identifying bacteria?

Answer 41

1) stains, 2) biochemical assays, 3) rapid identification, 4) serology, 5) phage typing Mental palace: I have a STAIN on my ASS as I RAPIDLY eat my CEREAL and a FAG TYPES next to me

Question 42

What are the 5 methods used to identify AND classify an unknown organism?

Answer 42

1) DNA base composition, 2) DNA fingerprinting, 3) rRNA sequencing, 4) PCR, 5) nucleic acid hybridization Mental palace: A DiNAsour wearing a A CHAIN with RUBY SEQUENCES carries around a BASIC COMPOSITION book filled with DINOSAUR FINGERPRINTS and nuclear acid ingredients.

Question 43

A group of bacteria sharing a common ancestor is referred to as a ______.

Answer 43

phylum

Question 44

How are bacteria differentiated into different phyla?

Answer 44

small subunit rRNA

Question 45

What is the difference between emerging, deep branching and well known bacteria?

Answer 45

emerging-new; deep branching- really different/extremophiles; well-known- been around a whie

Question 46

What are the 5 well known bacteria phyla?

Answer 46

1) proteobacteria (biggest, ost gram -) 2) cyanobacteria 3) spirochetes 4) chlamydiae 5) planctomycetes Plankton has clamidia so he likes to eat cyanide, drink protein and chunk spears.

Question 47

what is the largest phyla of well known bacteria?

Answer 47

protebacteria

Question 48

Where would you expect to find most of the gram negative bacteria?

Answer 48

proteobacteria

Question 49

What does "-ales" indicate?

Answer 49

an order

Question 50

What are heterocysts? In what phylum would you expect to find these?

Answer 50

structure for nitrogen fixation; cyanobacteria

Question 51

what is the only example of multicellularity in prokaryotes? (Give the phylum name)

Answer 51

cyanobacteria

Question 52

what is the phylum that is known for having very unusal cell walls? what is unusual about the cell wall?

Answer 52

chlamydiae; no PTG

Question 53

Which of the phylum is known for having a very complex life cycle?

Answer 53

chlamydiae

Question 54

What is unique about the spirochetes?

Answer 54

they have the axial filaments

Question 55

Which phylum is unique in that it has axial filaments?

Answer 55

spirochetes

Question 56

This phylum causes Lyme disease and syphillis

Answer 56

spirochetes

Question 57

If you took a swab of someone's mouth, which phylum of bacteria would you most likely find?

Answer 57

bacteroidetes, they inhabit the human microbiome

Question 58

A defining feature of prokaryotes is that they do not have a nucleus. Which phylum has a sort protonucleus, with membrane bound DNA?

Answer 58

planctomycetes Plankton! Plankton talks so he's more evolved than the others.

Question 59

Which gram negative phylum contain the ony species of true extremophiles?

Answer 59

Deinococcus-thermus

Question 60

What are the 2 gram + phyla? What separates the two from each other?

Answer 60

firmicutes and actinobacteria; amount of C + G base pairs Firm cuties be actin out??

Question 61

One of the phyla of gram positive contains the more medically relevant bacteria whereas the other is the largest of the two. Which is which?

Answer 61

firmicutes; actinobacteria actinobacteria is the larger of the two words