Microbiology Flashcards
(148 cards)
1
Q
Where are firmicutes located in the body??
A
Oral
Nasal
Urogenjtal
2
Q
Where are bacteroidetes located in the body
A
GI
3
Q
Where are actinobacteria located in the body
A
Skin
4
Q
What alters the microbiome most as you age?
A
Antibiotics
5
Q
5 methods to categorise bacteria??
A
Phenotypic; 1) gram stain 2) growth characteristics 3) metabolic activity Antigenic: 4) serotyping Genotypes: 5) nucleus acid molecules
6
Q
Classify the virus:
Herpes simplex
A
DNA
7
Q
Varicella
A
DNA
8
Q
Epstein-Barr
A
DNA
9
Q
Cytomegalovirus
A
DNA
10
Q
Papillomavirus
A
DNA
Causes genital warts/cervical cancer
11
Q
Parvovirus B19
A
DNA
Slapped cheek syndrome
Pregnancy
12
Q
Rotavirus
A
RNA
Diarrhoea
13
Q
Picorna viruses
A
RNA
14
Q
Enterovirus
A
Meningitis
RNA
15
Q
Rhinovirus
A
RNA
upper respiratory tract infection
16
Q
Poliovirus
A
RNA
17
Q
Hepatovirus
A
HEP a
RNA
18
Q
Norovirus
A
RNA
Diarrhoea
19
Q
Rubella boris
A
RNA
pregnancy
20
Q
Hepatitis C
A
RNA
BBV
21
Q
influenza
A
rna
Upper respiratory tract infection
22
Q
Paromyxoviruses
A
RNA
23
Q
hep B
A
Reverse transcriptase from DNA to RNA
24
Q
HIV
A
Reverse transcriptase from RNA to DNA
25
Staphylococcus aureus
Gram positive cocci cluster
| Skin/nasal
26
Staphylococcus epidermis
Gram positive cocci cluster
| Nasal skin
27
B haemolytic streptococcus
Gram positive cocci chain
| Mouth/upper respiratory tract
28
Streptococcus oralis
Gram positive cocci chain
| Mouth uRT
29
Streptococcus pneumoniae
Gram positive cocci chain
| Mouth URT
30
Enterococcus faecalis
gram positive cocci chain
| GI
31
Clostridium tetani/difficle/perfringens
Gram positive rod
| Soil
32
Listeria monocytogenes
Gram positive rod
| Food
33
Bacillus
Gram positive rod
| Food
34
Proprionibacterium acnes
Skin
| Gram positive rod
35
Lactobacillus acidophilus
Gram positive rod
| Food/ GU female
36
Neisseria meningitidis
Gram negative cocci
| Upper respiratory tract
37
Neisseria gonorrhoeae
Gram negative cocci
| GU tract
38
Haemophilus influenzae
Gram negative cocci
| Respiratory
39
E. coli
Gram negative rod
GI
Entero
40
Klebsella pneumoniae
Gram negative rod
Entero
GI
41
Proteusnirabilis
Gram negative rod
Entero
GI
42
Salmonella enteriais
Gram negative rod
Entero
GI
43
Bacterialis fragilis
Gram negative rod non entero
| GI
44
Pseudomina aeruginosa
Gram neg non entero rod
| Aquatic
45
Campylobacter jejuni
Gram negative rod
Non entero
GI tract avian bird
46
5 bacteria with no stain
```
Mycobacterium TB
mycoplasma pneumoniae
Legionella pneumophia- aquatic/resp
Chlamydia trachomatis- resp/GU
treponema pallidum - gu
```
47
Stages to an infection
Contamination
Colonisation (pre infection)
Infection- invasion, multiplication, host reaction
48
Endogenous pyrogens
TNF/interferon
49
Exogenous pyrogens
Lipopolysaccharide coat of gram negative bacteria
50
Ways to identify bacteria from cultures
Mass spec
Metabolic analysis
Nucleic avid amplification test
51
Direct techniques vs non direct for diagnosing infection
Direct: microscopy/culture, toxin/antigen, NAAT
| Non direct: serology- testing for IgG, IgM
52
Which pathogens cause common cold
Rhinovirus
Coronavirus
Adenovirus
(RSV&influenza)
53
What pathogens cause otitis media
Viruses
Streptococci pneumonaie
Haemophilus influenzae
54
Treatment of middle ear infection
Amoxicillin
55
Sinusitis pathogens
Viruses
Streptococcus pneumoniae
Haemophilus influenzae
56
Sinusitis treatment
Amoxicillin
57
Pathogen causing epiglotitis
Haemophilus influenzae capsular type B
58
Treatment for acute epiglotitis
HiB vaccine
Cefotaxime
Intubation
59
What pathogen causes infectious mononucleosis
Epstein Barr virus
60
Clinical signs of infectious mononucleosis
Sore throat, fever, lymphadenopathy, lethargy
Splenomegaly
Hepatitis
Encephalitis
61
Diagnosis of infectious mononucleolis
Mono spot serology
| IgM
62
What cases scarlet fever/strep sore throat?
Streptococcus pyogenes
63
Diagnosis and treatment of strep sore throat
throat culture
ASOT serology
Penicillin
64
Features and treatment for corynebacterium diphtheriae pharyngitis ?
Fatal heart failure
Polynephritis
Antitoxin
Penicillin/ethromycin
65
What is a lower/upper respiratory tract infection?
Croup
66
What is croup cause by
Para influenza virus 1&2
67
Croup treatment
Paracetamol&fluids—> corticosteroids—> ardrenaline
68
Whooping cough pathogen
Bordetella pertussis
69
Treatment of whooping cough
Supportive treatment ¯olide
70
Causes of acute bronchitis
Viruses
Streptococcus pneumoniae
Haemophilus influenzae
71
Causes and treatment and prevention of bronchiolitis??
Respiratory syncytial virus
Prevention: paluvizumab
Treatment: ribavirin
72
3 types of pneumonia? And causes
Lobar- bacterial - streptococcus pneumoniae
Bronchopneumonia- bacterial- haemophilus influenzae & staph aureus
Interstitial- viral
73
Describe typical pneumonia and diagnosis
Productive cough, rust sputum, SOB, pleuritic pain, crackling sounds
Gram stain
Culture sputum
Streptococcus pneumoniae urinary antigen/ ELISA
Bloods
74
Describe atypical pneumoniae and diagnosis
Confusion, diarrhoea, dry cough, no lobar consolidation
Urinary antigen-legionella
Bloods
No culture/gram stain
75
Diagnosis of TB
Ziehl Zeelson stain
Culture
PCR
76
3 opportunistic infections
Pneumocystis jirovecii (fungal- diagnose PCR, treat co-trimoxazole)
Influenza H3H1, fluB
MERS
77
Bacterial causes of intoxication (pre formed toxin in food causes illness)
Staphylococcus aureus
Bacillus cereus
Clostridium perfringens
Clostridium botulinum
78
What pathogen causes enterocolitis??
Salmonella typhi/ salmonella eneteriditis
79
Treatment of enterocolitis
Fluid &electrolytes
| Ciprofloxacin & cefotaxime
80
Enteric fever causes
Salmonella typhi/paratyphi
81
Clinical presentation of enteric fever
Fever/headache/malaise—> diarrhoea after a week—> sepsis —> long term gall bladder colonisation
82
Treatment for enteric fever
Ciprofloxacin/cefotaxime
83
What disease is caused by shigella dysenteriae??
Shigellosis (paeds) watery diarrhoea—> mucous, pus , blood and ab cramps and fever
84
How is shigella spread??
Fecal- oral
85
Treatment for shigellosis
Ciprofloxacin/azithromycin or amoxicillin/trimethoprim
86
What 3 disease can E. coli cause??
Travellers diarrhoea- enterotoxigenic
Babies- enteropathogenic
Bad- enterohaemorrhagic
87
How is enterohaemorrhagic E. coli diagnosed??
Verotoxin gene from PCR
88
Clinical presentation of enterohaemorrhagic E. coli
Bloody diarrhoea ca, ab cramps,
89
What can enterohaemorrhagic E. coli lead to??
Haemolytic uremic syndrome-anaemia/thrombocytopenia/renal failure
90
How is enterohaemorrhagic E. coli spread??
Zoonotic
91
Difference between clinical presentation of campylobacter and enterohaemorrhagic E. coli??
Both have abdominal cramps and bloody diarrhoea but campylobacter has FEVER and enterohaemorrhagic doesn’t
92
Treatment for campylobacter
Ciprofloxacin/clarithromycin
93
How is clostridium difficle spread??
In hospitals person to person
94
Diagnosis of clostridium difficle
Enterotoxin A and B in faces
95
Treatment of clostridium difficle ??
Oral metridazole
Oral vancomycin if no response
Oral vancomycin & IV metridazole
Oral fidaxomicin and fecal matter transplant
96
How is viral gastroenteritis spread?? And caused by what viruses??
Fecal-oral
| Rotavirus and norovirus
97
Differences in rotavirus and norovirus gastroenteritis??
Rotavirus- diarrhoea, Unser 2 yrs old, ELISA antigen diagnosis
Norovirus- vomiting, all ages, PCR diagnosi, shorter duration
98
What can campylobacter lead to??
Guillain- Barre syndrome
99
What 3 enterobacteriacae cause struvite crystals & alkaline urine??
1) proteus
2) providencia
3) morganella
As urease converts urea to ammonia which ppt as struvite crystals
100
What 2 gram positive bacteria are common in women of child bearing age??
Staphylococcus saprophyticis/agalactiae
101
What increases risk of UTI infection
```
Pathogen factors (flagella/fimbria/invasins/toxins/biofilm/immune escape mediators)
Host factors (antibiotics/hospital/low cervical IgA/ low vaginal pH/spermicides/oestrogen deficiency)
```
102
What is urethritis causes by??
1) STIs- chlamydia/gonorrhoea/mycoplasma genitilium/trichomonas vaginalis)
2) E. coli
103
Diagnosis of urethritis
Clinical but
1) culture
2) PCR (chlamydia/gonorrhoea)
3) gram stain- gonorrhoea
104
Treatment of urethritis
Azithromycin
Doxycycline specific to chlamydia
Ceftriaxone specific to gonorrhoea
105
What is prostitis caused by
1) E. coli
2) e facaelis
3) proteus
106
Treatment for prostatis
Ciprofloxacin/co-trimoxazole
107
Causes of cystitis
DISS
1) diabetes
2) ineffective voiding
3) sex
4) smoking
108
Symptoms of cystitis
1) gen- fever/confusion/ab cramps
2) urine- blood/turbid/smell
3) ueinating- urgent/grew/dysuria
109
Diagnosis of cystitis
Clinical but
1) urinalysis- nitrates/ protein/blood/ leukocytes
2) urine microscopy- pyuria/bacteriuria
3) urine sensitivity- over 100000 bacteria/ml
4) imaging- CT
110
Management of cystitis
1) good hydration
2) diabetic glycameic control
3) antibiotics- nitrofurantoin/trimethoprim/pevmecillinam/cephalexin 3-5 days or fosfomycin single dose
111
What antibiotic would u prescribe in a pregnant woman with cystitis
Cephalexin 3-5 days
112
Prophylaxis of cystitis
1) genital hygiene
2) post-coital voiding
3) avoidance of diaphragm/spermicide
4) estriol vaginal cream
113
Causes of pyelonephritis
1) Cystitis
| 2) Interference with ureter peristalsis-pregnancy/stones/strictures
114
Symptoms of pyelonephritis
1) fever/rigor
2) flank pain
3) nausea/vomit
115
Investigation for pyelonephritis
Blood culture
| imaging
116
Management for pyelonephritis
1) resuscitation
2) empirical antibiotic therapy- PO/IV ciprofloxacin, IV gentamicin, IV piperacillin-tazobactam
3) targeted antibiotic therapy after results
117
3 factors causing complicated UTI
1) structural/functional abnormality of urinary tract
2) immunocompromised
3) hypervirulent/resistance bacteria
118
2 cases to treat asymptomatic bacteriuria
1) pregnancy
| 2) awaiting urological procedure
119
Infection pathways for CNS infections??
1) contiguous- sinus/face/ear/mastoid
2) trauma
3) haematgous
4) nerves
120
5 types of meningitis bacterial infections??
1) meningococcal
2) pneumococcal
3) haemophilus
4) TB
5) neonatal
121
Pathogen causing meningococcal meningitis??
Neisseria meningitidis
122
Pathogen causing pneumococcal meningitis??
Streptococcus pneumoniae
123
Pathogen causing haemophilus meningitis?
Hameophilus influenzae
124
Pathogens causing neonatal meningitis??
Group B haemolytic streptococci
E. coli
Listeria monocytogenes
125
Diagnosis of meningococcal meningitis??
1) lumbar puncture for increased intracranial pressure
2) CSF findings: increased proteins & neutrophils, decreases glucose, gram negative stain
3) no fading of rash with tumbler test
126
How is meningococcus mengitis spread??
Respiratory droplets
127
3 groups at risk of pneumococcal meningitis??
1) older
2) post head trauma
3) splenectomy
128
What antibiotic is pneumococcal meningitis resistant to?
Penicillin
129
Feature of haemophilus meningitis ??
Neurologic sequelae
130
Diagnosis of TB meningitis??
1) lumbar puncture shows increased intracranial pressure
| 2) CSF findings: increased proteins and lymphocytes, decreases glucose, positive Ziehl neelson stain
131
Result of neonatal meningitis
Permanent neurologic sequelae: cerebral or CN palsy/hydrocephalus
132
Causes of viral meningitis??
1) enteroviruses (coxsackie/echovirus)
2) Herpes
3) mumps
133
Diagnosis of viral meningitis??
1) lumbar puncture for increased intracranial pressure
| 2) CSF findings: increased proteins&lymphocytes, PCR
134
What causes fungal meningitis?
C neoFORMANs ;)
135
What illness is more susceptible to fungal meningitis?
AIDS
136
Diagnosis of fungal meningitis??
1) lumbar puncture for increased intracranial pressure
| 2) CSF findings: ANTIGEN detection using India-ink stained CSF
137
Treatment for meningitis
- if bacterial: cefotaxime/ceftriaxone
- if meningococcal- IV/IM benzyl penicillin
- fungal: antifungal drugs
- TB: anti-TB drugs
Prevention:
Haemophilus: HiB vaccine
Meningococcal: tetravalent baccine (ACYW) or menC and menB vaccine
138
Encephalitis diagnosis
1) CSF: increased lymphocytes and proteins
| PCR
139
Treatment for encephalitis
IV acicloVIr
| VIral
140
Name the 2 types of encephalitis the slow virus measles causes?
1) Subacute Sclerosing encephalitis (after 10yrs)
| 2) measles inclusion body encephalitis (immunocompromised-several months)
141
Cranial nerve palsy caused by??
VZV
142
What syndrome is caused by cranial nerve palsy
Ramsay hunt sundrone - facial paralysis, shingles rash
143
What is the most common cause of encephalitis?
Herpes simplex virus in temporal lobe of brain
144
What groups of people does cytomegalovirus cause encephalitis in?
1) in utero
| 2) immunocompromised
145
What type of encephalitis does JC/polyomavirus cause??
Progressive multifocal leucoencephalopathy in AIDS/immunicompromised
146
3 ways to get transmissible spongiform encephalopathy?
1) cows
2) people
3) Latrogenic- dura Mater grafts, transfusions, human growth hormone
147
What encephalitis is an infection of oligodendrocytes??
Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy- JC virus /polyoma virus
148
What is tetanus lockjaw caused by
Cl. Tetani infecting umbilical stump in neonates
