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Oral Surgery BDS4 > Microbiology and Antimicrobials > Flashcards

Microbiology and Antimicrobials Flashcards

1
Q

what is gram positive colour

A

purple

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2
Q

name a gram negative bacteria

A

prevotella intermedia

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3
Q

what is capnophilic

A

carbon dioxide

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4
Q

what is facultative

A

live with and without oxygen

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5
Q

when does antimicrobial resistance occur

A

when microorganisms such as bacteria, viruses, fungi and parasites change in ways that render the medications used to cure infections they cause ineffective

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6
Q

what are the 2 types of resistance genes

A

intrinsic (structural)
acquired (mutations)

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7
Q

what are the 3 types of mutation a microbe can go through

A

transformation/transduction/conjugation

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8
Q

what are the 3 mechanisms of antibiotic resistance

A

altered target site
enzymatic inactivation
decreased uptake

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9
Q

name a microbe which has resistance by altered target site

A

streptococci

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10
Q

name 2 microbes which have resistance by enzymatic inactivation

A

prevotella and fusobacterium

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11
Q

how does altered target site work

A

bacteria change penicillin binding proteins

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12
Q

how does enzymatic inactivation work

A

bacteria produce enzyme (beta-lactamase) which destroys the antibiotic

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13
Q

how do you treat an extended spectrum beta-lactamase infection

A

carbapenems

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14
Q

what are the 2 main microbes associated with acute pyogenic dental infections

A

streptococcus anginosus
prevotella intermedia

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15
Q

what is the ideal specimen for dental infections

A

aspirated pus

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15
Q

what are the treatment principles for dental infections

A

localise infection
establish diagnosis
remove source

16
Q

what anaerobes are involved in pericoronitis

A

prevotella intermedia
streptococcus anginosis

17
Q

how do you treat pericoronitis

A

locally (scale)
systemically (metronidazole)

18
Q

what microbes are involved in ORN

A

anaerobic gram negative rods
anaerobic streptococci
strep anginosus
staph aureus

19
Q

what anaerobes are involved in salivary gland infection

A

staph aureus and anaerobes

20
Q

how do you treat salivary gland infection

A

drainage
flucloxacillin and metronidazole

21
Q

what anaerobe is involved in ludwigs angina

A

prevotella intermedia

22
Q

what is sepsis

A

life threatening organ dysfunction caused by dysregulated host response to infection

23
Q

what signs tell you that the patient has sepsis

A

SIRS signs and infection (suspected or confirmed)

24
Q

what are the treatment principles of sepsis

A

primary care - know red flag signs
secondary care - diagnosis, sepsis 6, NEWS

25
Q

what does SIR mean in antibiotic resistance testing

A

S - susceptible at standard dose
I - susceptible but need increased exposure or dose
R - resistant even with increased exposure or dose

26
Q

what is automated susceptibility testing system

A

isolate bacteria
put test strips into machine
quantitative data produced

27
Q

what is a breakpoint in automated susceptibility testing system

A

chosen concentration of antibiotic which defines whether a species of bacteria is susceptible or resistant to the antibiotic

28
Q

what are the confounding variables when testing for antibiotic resistance

A

inoculum size
pH
phase of growth
biofilm
atmosphere
co-morbidities
pus collections
site of infection
foreign bodies
biofilm

29
Q

what should be the firs principle of management when dealing with dental infections

A

surgical drainage

30
Q

what is anti-microbial stewardship

A

team working to reduce antimicrobial use

31
Q

what actions promote using antimicrobials responsibly

A

hand hygiene
team work
data management

32
Q

what strategic objectives are in place to reduce use of antimicrobials

A

reduce incident
reduce need for unintentional exposure to antimicrobials

33
Q

how do we reduce the amount of antimicrobials given out

A

infection prevention
antimicrobial stewardship
decreasing prescriptions

34
Q

what is pen v most effective against

A

oral streptococci
anaerobes
selected gram negative

35
Q

what is amoxicillin most effective against

A

broader spectrum than pen V so greater impact on selection of resistant microflora

36
Q

what is dental stewardship

A

keep antibiotics for infections
use pen V as first line
use for 5 days duration

Oral Surgery BDS4 (21 decks)

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