Microbiology and Parasitology ( L1-8) Flashcards by Erica Tesalona

it is the study of small living things that are too small to be visible with the naked eye.

Microbiology

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He was the first person to see live bacteria and protozoa.
-Father of Bacteriology
-Father of Protozoology
-His fine art of grinding lenses made him magnify objects 200-300 times its
size, hence, gave him a peak to thousands of tiny creatures he had never seen
before.

Anton Van Leeuwenhoek

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He discovered forms of life that could exist in the absence of oxygen. He introduced the terms
“aerobes” (organisms that require oxygen) and “anaerobes”
(organisms that do not require
oxygen).

Louis Pasteur

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It is specializes in the study of structure, functions, and activities of bacteria.

Bacteriologist (Bacteriology)

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studies the various types of algae.

Phycologist (Phycology)

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studies protozoa and its corresponding activities.

Protozoologist (Protozoology)

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specializes in the study of fungi

Mycologist (Mycology)

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study viruses and their effects on living cells of all types.

Virologist (Virology)

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study how microorganisms interact with the environment and each other.

Environmental microbiologists

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study and solve problems related to industrial production processes.

Industrial microbiologists

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examine specimens to track, control, and prevent communicable diseases and other health hazards.

Public health microbiologists

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study the life cycle of parasites, the parasite-host relationship, and how parasites adapt to different environments.

Parasitologists

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involves the use of microorganisms in the industry/commercial enterprises.

Biotechnology

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involves the use of microorganisms to clean up environmental wastes

Bio remediation

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is concerned with epidemiology, transmission of pathogens, disease- prevention measures, treatment of infectious diseases, and production of vaccines.

Clinical Microbiology

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involves the study of ancient microbes

Paleo microbiology

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focuses on parasitic protozoa, helminths, and arthropods.

Parasitology

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An optical instrument used to observe tiny objects, often objects that cannot be seen by unaided eye

Microscopes

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power is the amount of fine detail that can be seen

Resolution or Resolving

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Power is enlarging an image.

Magnification or Magnifying

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Containing 1 magnifying lens

Simple Microscope

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Contains more than one magnifying lens

Compound Microscope

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Observe unstained living mcgs, because the light refracted by living cells is different from light refracted by the surrounding medium.

Phase-Contrast Microscope

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contains a built-in UV light source

Fluorescence Microscope

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Enable scientists to study the internal structures of the cell

Electron Microscope: TEM (Transmission Electron Microscope)

-Magnifies: 5 to ~500,000 time; sharp images of surface features - Observe outer surfaces of specimen

SEM (Scanning Electron Microscope)

is a technique for obtaining high resolution images of biological and non-biological specimens.

Electron Microscopes

the virus is ‘quiescent’ (a state in which the virus is not replicating)

Latent Virus Infection

Drugs used to treat viral Infections

Antiviral Agents

Viruses that cause cancer

Oncogenic Virus

-Cause of AIDS * is an enveloped, single-stranded RNA virus

Human Immunodeficiency Virus

An extremely large double- stranded DNA virus recovered from amoebas.

Mimivirus

* serious crop losses worldwide * Tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) discovered by Martinus Beijerinck in 1898.

Plant Virus

infectious RNA molecules that cause a variety of plant diseases.

VIROIDS

infectious protein molecules that cause a variety of animal and human diseases.

PRIONS

Passing the smear through a Bunsen burner flame

Heat Fixation

Flooding the smear with absolute methanol for 30 seconds

METHANOL FIXATION

sufficient to determine bacterial shape and morphologic arrangement.

Simple stain

use more than one stain, and cells will have a different appearance based on their chemical or structural properties.

Differential stains

a laboratory test that determines if a sample of tissue, blood, or other body substance is infected with the bacteria that causes tuberculosis and other illnesses.

The acid-fast stain

Associated with the presence of flagella or axial filaments; some by gliding on secreted slime

Motility- able to "swim" = motile

A mound or pile of bacteria on a solid culture medium is known as a bacterial colony.

Colony morphology

require an atmosphere containing molecular oxygen in concentrations comparable to that found in room air (20 – 21%)

Obligate aerobes

also require oxygen for multiplication, but in concentrations lower than that found in room air.

Microaerophiles

-that do not require oxygen for life and reproduction. -they vary in their sensitivity to oxygen. -obligate anaerobe, aerotolerant anaerobe, and facultative anaerobe.

Anaerobes

can only grow in an anaerobic environment

Obligate anaerobes

do not require oxygen, grow better in the absence of oxygen, but can survive in atmospheres containing molecular oxygen (such as air and a CO2 incubator).

Aerotolerant anaerobes

capable of surviving in either the presence or absence of oxygen; anywhere from 0% O2 to 20% - 21% O2.

Facultative anaerobes

capable of surviving in either the presence or absence of oxygen; anywhere from 0% O2 to 20% - 21% O2.

Facultative anaerobes

capable of surviving in either the presence or absence of oxygen; anywhere from 0% O2 to 20% - 21% O2.

Facultative anaerobes

grow better in the laboratory in the presence of increased concentrations of CO2.

Capnophiles

Certain microbes have specific vitamin requirements and some need organic substances secreted by other living microorganisms during their growth.

Nutritional Requirements

emolysis: incomplete lysis of RBC - Greenish, cloudy zone around the colony.

Alpha ( a )

hemolysis: complete lysis of RBC - A

Beta ( b)

hemolysis: no lysis of RBC - No change in the blood agar around the colony.

Gamma ( g)

-Enable bacteria to cause disease Genetic Composition -molecular diagnostic procedures

Pathogenicity

obligate intracellular pathogens that cause diseases in humans and other animals.

Gram

* Not related to rickets – Vitamin D deficiency * leaky cell membranes, mostrickettsias must live inside another cell

Rickettsia

-obligate intracellular bacteria -Energy parasites

Chlamydias

-obligate intracellular bacteria -Energy parasites

Chlamydias

* smallest of the cellular microbes * Pleiomorphic * Difference with other CWD: no matter how favorable the condition is mycoplasmas cannot produce cell wall.

Mycoplasma

eukaryotic organisms, usually unicellular and colonial, that photosynthesize with chlorophyll a

Algae

unicellular eukaryotes that lack tissues and share similarities in cell structure, nutrition, life cycle, and biochemistry

Protozoa

Unicellular, microscopic: diatoms, dinoflagellates, desmids

Algae

* Contains chloroplast * Has stigma and flagellum * Desmids and the microscopic banana

The Green Algae

Single-celled free-living microorganisms

PROTOZOA

Move by means of Cytoplasmic extensions called pseudopods

Amebae

* Movement thru cilia * Oarlike motion

Ciliates

* Common pond water ciliates * With both pellicle and cytostome

Paramecium spp.

* Pond water ciliates * Contractile stalk * myoneme

Vorticella spp.

* move by means of whiplike flagella. * Trypanosoma brucei subspecies gambiense >> African Sleeping Sickness

Flagellates

Ophiocordyceps unilateralis * goal: self-propagation and dispersal * undetected by the rest of the colony * fungi have to keep host populations in check: few ants in a colony are infected

Cordyceps

* budding, hyphal extension, or the formation of spores.

Reproduction

are microscopic, single -celled organisms that usually reproduce by budding.

YEASTS

a living organism, which takes its nourishment and other needs from a host

Parasite

lives on the outer surface of its host

Ectoparasite

live inside the body of their host

Endoparasites

completely dependent on the host during a segment or all of its life cycle

Obligate Parasite

exhibits both parasitic and non-parasitic modes of living and hence does not absolutely depend on the parasitic way of life, but is capable of adapting to it if placed on a host.

Facultative parasite

when a parasite attacks an unnatural host and survives.

accidental parasite

wanders into an organ it is not usually found.

Erratic parasite

-harbors parasite in adult stage -The host harboring the parasite in its sexual phase

Definitive host

Larval stage

Intermediate host

temporary refuge and vehicle

Paratenic host

makes parasite available for transmission

Reservoir host

naturally infected

Natural host

under normal circumstances is not infected with the parasite.

Accidental host:

The host harboring the parasite in its non-sexual phase

Intermediate host

makes the parasite available for the transmission to another host and is usually not affected by the infection.

Reservoir host

a host that is naturally infected with certain species of parasite.

Natural host

canis is a worm whose natural hosts are the cat and the dog.

Toxocara

a host that is under normal circumstances not infected with the parasite

Accidental host

a living carrier (may be an arthropod) that transports a pathogenic organism from an infected to a non-infected host.

Vector

both partners are metabolically dependent upon each other and one cannot live without the help of the other; however, none of the partners suffers any.

Mutualism

the commensal takes the benefit without causing injury to the host.

Commensalism

one of the partners is harmed and the other lives at the expense of the other.

Parasitism

Morphological, biochemical changes, complex life cycle, immune evasionm and direct and indirect impact.

Parasitic Adaptations

may be inflicted by a parasite by means of pressure as it grows larger, e.g. Hydatid cyst

Mechanical injury

Deleterious effect of toxic substances-

Plasmodium falciparum

Tissue damage may be caused by immunological response of the host, e.g. nephritic syndrome following Plasmodium infections.

Immunological reaction

Microbiology and Parasitology ( L1-8) Flashcards

(100 cards)