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First Aid Step 1 > Microbiology (Basic Bacteriology) > Flashcards

Microbiology (Basic Bacteriology) Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the flagellum made of? What is its function?

A

Proteins; Motility

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2
Q

What is the Pilus/Fimbria made of? What is its function?

A

Glycoprotein;

1) Adherance
2) Conjugation

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3
Q

List the 4 components of a spore

A

1) Keratin-like coat
2) Dipicolinic acid
3) Peptidoglycan
4) DNA

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4
Q

What is the function of a spore?

A

Resists heat, dehydration, chemicals.

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5
Q

Are spores found in Gram + or Gram - bacteria?

A

Gram +

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6
Q

What is the capsule made of? What is its function?

A

Discrete layer of polysaccharides; Protection against phagocytosis

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7
Q

What is the slime layer made of? What is its function?

A

Loose network of polysaccharides;

1) Adherance
2) Biofilm formation

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8
Q

What are the components of the outer membrane? What do they contain?

A

1) Outer Leaflet: Endotoxins (LPS)
2) Embedded proteins: Porins and Outer Membrane Proteins (OMPs)
3) Inner Leaflet: Phospholipids

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9
Q

What is the function of endotoxin?

A

Induces TNF, IL-1, and antigenic O polysaccharide

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10
Q

What is the periplasm?

A

Space between the cytoplasmic membrane and the outer menbrane

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11
Q

Is the outer membrane found in Gram + or Gram - Bacteria?

A

Gram -

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12
Q

What is the function of the periplasm?

A

Accumulates components exiting Gram - cells, like hydrolytic enzymes (ex. B-Lactamase)

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13
Q

Are lipotechoic acids found in Gram + or Gram - bacteria?

A

Gram +

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14
Q

Gram + bacteria stain _____(violet/red), while Gram - bacteria stain _____ (violet/red).

A

Violet; Red

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15
Q

Which bacteria cannot be stained with a gram stain because they are too thin to be seen?

A

Treponema and Leptospira

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16
Q

Which bacteria cannot be stained with a gram stain because their cell wall has high lipid content?

A

Mycobacteria

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17
Q

Which bacteria cannot be stained with a gram stain because they do not have a cell wall?

A

Mycoplasma and Ureaplasma

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18
Q

Which 6 bacteria cannot be stained with a gram stain because they are mostly intracellular?

A

1) Legionella
2) Rickettsia
3) Chlamydia
4) Bartonella
5) Anaplasma
6) Ehrlichia

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19
Q

Which bacteria cannot be stained with a gram stain because they lack peptidoglycan?

A

Chlamydia

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20
Q

Which 6 bacteria stain with Giemsa stain?

A

1) Chlamydia
2) Rickettsia
3) Trypanosomes
4) Borrelia
5) H. Pylori
6) Plasmodium

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21
Q

What does the Periodic Acid Schiff (PAS) stain target?

A

Glycogen and mucopolysaccharides

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22
Q

What disease does PAS stain diagnose? Which bacteria causes it?

A

Whipple disease; Tropheryma whipplei

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23
Q

Which stain is used for acid-fast bacteria?

A

Ziehl-Neelson stain (Carbol fuschin)

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24
Q

Give 3 examples of acid-fast bacteria.

A

1) Mycobacteria
2) Nocardia
3) Protozoa (Cryptosporidium oocysts)

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25
What is a better alternative to the Ziehl-Neelson stain?
Auramine-rhodamine
26
Which stain is used for Cryptosporidium neoformans?
India Ink
27
Silver stain is used for which organisms?
1) Fungi (Coccidioides, Pneumocystis jirovecii..etc.) 2) Legionella 3) H. Pylori
28
Fluorescent Antibody stain is used for many bacteria and viruses such as:
1) Pneumocystis jirovecci 2) Giardia 3) Cryptosporidium
29
Give an example of a fluorescent antibody stain.
FTA-ABS for syphilis
30
Growth media can either be:
Selective or Indicator/differential
31
A selective growth media _____(changes color/inhibits growth of other organisms) while an indicator or differential media _____(changes color/inhibits growth of other organisms)
Inhibits growth of other organisms; changes color.
32
Which media does H. Influenza need? What are the special factors?
Chocolate agar; Factors V (NAD+) and X (hematin)
33
What are the antiobiotics added to the Thayer- Martin Agar in order to make it selective for N. meningitidis and N. gonorrhoeae?
1) Vancomycin to inhibit Gram + bacteria 2) Trumethoprim & Colistin for other Gram - bacteria 3) Nystatin for fungi
34
Bordet-Gengoi agar and Regan-Lowe medium is used to culture which bacteria?
Bordetella pertussis
35
Which media is made up of potato extract, charcoal, blood, and antibiotics?
Bordet-Gengou agar
36
What media are used for Clostridium diphtheriae?
Tellurite agar; Löffler medium
37
Which 3 media are used for Mycobacterium tuberculosis?
1) Löwenstein-Jenson 2) Middlebrook 3) Rapid Automated Broth
38
Eaton agar requires: a) Gylcerol b) Proteins c) Cholesterol d) Iron
C) Cholesterol
39
E. coli needs ____ (Sabourad agar/Eosin-methylene blue agar) and produces a ____(pink/green) color when fermented.
Eosin-methylene blue agar; green
40
What media do lactose-fermenting enterics need?
MacConkey agar
41
Lactose-fermenting enterics
42
The bacteria cultured in MacConkey agar produce acid that turns the colonies ____ (blue/purple/pink)
Pink
43
Which 4 bacteria are cultured in charcoal yeast extract buffered with cysteine and iron?
1) Brucella 2) Francisella 3) Legionella 4) Pasteurella
44
Which media do fungi need?
Sabourad agar
45
List 4 aerobic bacteria
1) Nocardia 2) Pseudomonas aeruginosa 3) Mycobacterium tuberculosis 4) Bordetella pertussis
46
Which of the following is anaerobic? a) Bordetella pertussis b) Clostridium botulinum c) Nocardia d) Mycobacterium tuberculosis
B) Clostridium botulinum
47
List 4 anaerobes.
1) Clostridium 2) Bacteroids 3) Fusobacteria 4) Actinomyces israelii
48
What are the 3 characteristics of anaerobic bacteria?
1) Foul smelling 2) Difficult to culture 3) Produce gas (CO2 & H2O) in tissue
49
Which drugs are useless against anaerobes?
Aminoglycosides
50
One of the following is incorrect: a) Clostridium produces gas in tissues b) Pseudomonas aeruginosa depends on oxygen for ATP production c) Anaerobes are easy to culture d) Fusobacteria is an example of an anaerobic bacteria
C) Anaerobes are easy to culture
51
Which 3 bacteria are facultative anaerobes?
1) Staphylococcus 2) Streptococcus 3) Enteric Gram - bacteria
52
Name 3 obligate intracellular bacteria
1) Rickettsia 2) Chlamydia 3) Coxiella
53
Name 8 facultative intracellularbacteria.
1) Salmonella 2) Neisseria 3) Brucella 4) Mycobacterium 5) Listeria 6) Francisella 7) Legionella 8) Yersinia pestis
54
Which 3 encapsulated bacteria need or have vaccines?
1) Streptococcus pneumoniae 2) Haemophilus influenza Type B 3) Neisseria meningitidis
55
Which organ opsonizes and clears encapsulated bacteria?
The spleen.
56
List 8 encapsulated bacteria.
1) Strep. Pneumoniae 2) Pseudomonas aeruginoa 3) H. Influenza Type B 4) Neisseria meningitidis 5) E. Coli 6) Salmonella 7) Klebsiella pneumoniae 8) Group B Strep.
57
Capsules are antiphagocytic virulence factors. What do we add to them to make antigenic vaccines?
Capsular polysaccharide + protein conjugate.
58
Asplenics have higher risk fot severe infections. Why?
Because they have less opsonizing ability = less clearance for encapsulated bacteria.
59
Which of these caccines does NOT have a protein conjugate? a) PCV13 b) PPSV23 c) H. Influenza type B vaccine d) meningococcal vaccine
B) PPSV23
60
What does urease do?
Urease hydrolyzes urea = releases ammonia and carbon dioxide = increased pH.
61
Which bacterial enzyme predisposes yo struvite stones?
Urease.
62
Which bacteria particularly disposes to struvite stones?
Proteus.
63
List 8 bacteria that are urease positive.
1) Proteus 2) Nocardia 3) Cryptococcus 4) H. Pylori 5) Ureaplasma 6) Klebsiella 7) Staph. Epidermis 8) Staph. Saprophyticus
64
What does catalase do?
Catalase degrades hydrogen peroxide into water and oxygen BEFORE it can be converted by myeloperoxidase.
65
People with what disease have recurrent infections with catalase + organisms?
Chronic granulomatous disease (NADPH oxidase deficiency)
66
Give 11 examples of catalse + organisms.
1) Nocardia 2) Staphylococcus 3) Serratia 4) Candida 5) Listeria 6) E. Coli 7) Burkholderia cepacia 8) Pseudomonas 9) Aspergillus 10) H. Pylori 11) Bordetella pertussis
67
What color is Actinomyces israelii?
It has yellow sulfur granules made up of filaments, giving it the color yellow.
68
What color is Staph. aureus?
Golden yellow
69
What color is Pseudomonas aeruginosa?
Blue-green (pyocyanin&pyoverdin)
70
What color is Serratia marcescens?
Red
71
Which 4 bacteria form biofilms?
1) Staph. Epidermis 2) Viridans strep. (mutans&sanguinis) 3) Pseudomonas aeruginosa 4) Nontypable (unencapsulated) H. Influenza
72
Where does S. Epidermis form biofilms?
On catheters and prosthetics.
73
Where do Viridans strep (mutans&sanguinis) form biofilms?
Dental plaques and heart (infective endocarditis)
74
Where does P. aeruginosa form biofilms?
Respiratory tree in people with cystic fibrosis, ventilator pneumonia, and comtact lens (keratitis)
75
Where does nontypable H. Influenza form biofilms?
Ear (otitis media)
76
What gives spores their heat resisting property?
Dipiclonic acid
77
Why do some bacteria form spores?
Because nutrients are limited
78
Give 2 ways spores can be killed
1) Autoclaving by steaming at 121C for 15 minutes. | 2) By hydrogen peroxide and iodine-based agents.
79
Name 6 spore-forming bacteria.
1) B. anthracis 2) B. cereus 3) C. botulinum 4) C. difficile 5) C. perfringens 6) C. tetani
80
Name the 3 bacterial virulence factors that promote evasion of the immune response.
1) Protein A 2) IgA Protease 3) M Protein
81
Protein A, explain: a) Mode of operation b) Function c) Bacterial examples
a) Binds to the Fc region of IgG b) Prevents opsonization and phagocytosis c) S. aureus
82
IgA Protease, explain: a) Mode of operation b) Function c) Bacterial examples
a) An enzyme that cleaves IgA b) Allows adhesion and colonization of mucus membranes c) S. pneumoniae, H. influenzae, B. neisseria
83
What is the function of M protein? Give bacterial examples.
Help pevent phagocytosis; Group A strep.
84
M protein shows molecular mimicry with which 2 human proteins?
Topomyosin & Myosin
85
Which protein underlies the autoimmune response in Rheumatic Fever?
M protein
86
List the 4 types of DNA transfers in bacteria.
1) Transformation 2) Conjugation 3) Transduction 4) Transposition
87
Give 3 examples of bacteria that use transformation.
1) S. Pneumoniae 2) H. Influenzae Type B 3) Neisseria
88
Which enzyme inhibits transformation due to degradation of DNA?
Deoxyribonuclease.
89
Transformation is the inportant of what kind of DNA?
Short, naked, chromosomal DNA
90
What encodes for the sex pilus?
Plasmid.
91
What are the 2 types of conjugation?
1) F+ x F- | 2) Hfr x F-
92
F+xF- Conjugation is the transfer of which kind of DNA?
Single strand of plasmid DNA.
93
F+ x F- conjugation ends up with both bacteria being: a) F+ b) F- c) Stay the same
A) F+
94
Which one has the sex pilus? The F+ bacteria or the F- bacteria?
The F+ bacteria.
95
Explain Hfr x F- conjugation.
The plasmid first incorporates itself into the bacterial chromosomal DNA = High frequency recombination cell. Then this mix of genes transfers to the other cell.
96
Hfr x F- conjugation ends up with the receiving bacteria being ___(F+/F-)
F-; but it may have new bacterial genes.
97
What are the 2 types of Transduction?
1) Generalized | 2) Specialized

First Aid Step 1 (4 decks)

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