MICROBIOLOGY- Basic Bacteriology Flashcards
(238 cards)
1
Q
This Bacterial structure gives rigid support, protects againts osmotic pressure
A
Peptidoglycan
2
Q
This is the chemichal composition of peptydoglycan
A
Sugar backbone with peptide side chains
3
Q
Which is the link between Sugar and peptide in the peptydoglycan?
A
Cross linked by transpeptidase
4
Q
What is the difference in the membrane between gram positive and gram negatives?
A
Gram positive have cell wall/ cell memebrane
Gram negative have Outer membrane
5
Q
In the gram positives works as the major surface antigen
A
Cell wall/ Cell membrane
6
Q
This bacterial structure gives support to the cell membrane in gram positives
A
Peptudoglycan
7
Q
This element on the cell wall in gram positives induces TNF and IL-1
A
Lipotheichoic acid
8
Q
In Gram negatives this is the site of endotoxin and major surface antigen
A
Outer membrane
9
Q
In gram negatives is consider the endotoxin
A
Lipopolysaccharide (LPS)
10
Q
In the outer membrane of gram negatives, who induces TNF and IL-1
A
Lipid A
11
Q
This chemical compositon plays the role as the antigen in the outer membrane
A
O polysaccharide is the antigen
12
Q
Unique to gram positives
A
Lipoteichoic acid
13
Q
Unique to gram negatives
A
Endotoxin/LPS
14
Q
Which is the function of plasma membrane in the bacterial structure?
A
Site of oxidative and transport enzymes
15
Q
Which is the chemical composition of Plasma membrane?
A
Phospholipid bilayer
16
Q
This bacterial structure manages the Protein synthesis
A
Ribosome
17
Q
Which kind of subunits do the bacterias have?
A
50S and 30S Subunits
18
Q
This is a characteristic just for gram negatives which consists of a space between the cytoplasmic membrane and outter membrane
A
Periplasm
19
Q
What does the periplasm contains?
A
Many hydrolytic enzymes including β Lactamase
20
Q
This Bacterial structure gives protection against phagocytosis
A
Capsule
21
Q
Which is the chemical composition of capsule on the bacterial structure?
A
Polysacaccharide
22
Q
Which Bacteria is the only exception on the chemical composition of the capsule?
A
Bacillus anthracis
23
Q
Why is Bacillus anthracis the only exception on the chemical composition of the capsule?
A
Because it contains D glutamate instead of polysaccharide
24
Q
Which importance does Pilus has in the bacteria structure?
A
Mediate adherence of bacterial to cell surface
25
What other name does the pilus receives?
Fimbria
26
Who carries the attachment between 2 bacteria during conjugation?
Sex Pilus
27
This is the chemical composition of fimbria
Glycoprotein
28
Who gives the motility to the bacteria?
Flagellum
29
The flagellum is composed of....
Proteins
30
This bacterial structure makes the bacteria resistant to dehydration, heat and chemicals
Spore
31
This bacterial structure gives the bacteria a Keratin like coat
Spore
32
Chemicaly this are the composition of the spore
Dipicolinic acid; peptidoglycan
33
Contains a variaty of genes for antibiotic resistance, enzymes and toxins
Plasmid
34
What is the composition of the plasmid?
DNA
35
Mediates adherence to surfaces, especially foreign surfaces (indwelling catheters)
Glycocalyx
36
What is the difference between Glycocalyx and Pilus?
Glycocalyx is made of polysaccharide
| Pilus is made of glycoprotein
37
Which are the types of bacterial morphology?
```
Circular (coccus)
Rod (bacillus)
Branching filamentous
Pleomorphic
Spiral
No cell wall
```
38
Give examples of circular (coccus) gram positive
Staphylococcus
| Streptococcus
39
In the morphology Neisseria is an example of?
Coccus gram negative
40
Who are examples of Rod (bacillus) gram positive?
```
Clostridium
Corynebacterium
Bacillus
Listeria
Mycobacterium
Gardnerella
```
41
This kind of Rod bacteria is consider a gram variable
Gardnerrella
42
Which is the classification of Bacillus Gram negatives?
Enterics
Respiratory
Zoonotic
43
Give examples of Rod Gram negatives of the enteric famiy
```
E. coli
Shigella
Salmonella
Yersinia
Klebsiella
Proteus
Enterobacter
Serratia
Vibrio
Campylobacter
Helicobacter
Pseudomonas
Bacteriods
```
44
Which is the bacterial taxonomy of Haemophilus, Legionella and Bordetella?
Bacillus gram negative of the respiratory family
45
This respiratory Rod bacteria is consider pleomorphic
Haemophilus
46
Who are consider Zoonotic Bacterias?
Francisella
Brucella
Pasteurella
Bartonella
47
Which bacterias are consider branching filamentous?
Actinomyces
| Nocardia
48
Rickettsiae and Chlamydiae which morphology do they have?
Pleomorphic
49
Giemsa stain is used for this bacterias
Rickettsiae
Chlamydiae
Borrelia
50
These three bacterias are consider Spiral or spirochetes
Borelia
Leptospira
Treponema
51
Which is the only bacteria that doesn´t has a cell wall?
Mycoplasma
52
Why doesn´t Mycoplama Gram stains?
Because it doesn´t has cell wall
53
So... if Mycoplasma doesn´t has a cell wall, what does it has?
Contain sterols
54
What is so special about mycobacteria cell wall?
Contain mycolic acid. High lipid content
55
These bacterias do not Gram stain well
```
Treponema
Mycobacterias
Mycoplasma
Legionella pneumophila
Rickettsia
Chlamydia
```
56
Which is the reason treponema doesn´t Gram stain well?
Too thin to be visualized
57
What is needed in order to visualized Treponem?
Treponemes-dark field microscopy and fluorescent antibody staining
58
This bacteria has high lipid content in cell wall, that´s why it doesn´t stain well with Gram
Mycobacteria
59
So... if it´s difficult for Mycobacteria to be visualized with Gram stain, How do we detect it?
Detected by carbolfuchsin in acid fast stain
60
Which is the reason Legionella pneumophila has limitation with Gram stain?
Because is Primarily intracellular
61
This special stain is used for Legionella pneumophila
Silver Stain
62
These two bacterias are consider intracellular parasites
Rickettsia
| Chlamydia
63
What does Chlamydia lacks in the cell wall?
Lacks muramic acid in cell wall
64
Name 5 types of stain
```
Giemsa
PAS
Ziehl Neelsen
India ink
Silver stain
```
65
These 5 bacterias are stain with Giemsa
Chlamydia, Borrelia, Rickettsiae, Trypanosomes, Plasmodium
66
What does the PAS stains?
Stains Glycogen, mucopolysaccharides
67
Which disease is diagnosed with PAS?
Whipple disease (Tropheryma whipplei)
68
Which is the meaning of PAS?
Periodic acid acid Schiff
69
Ziehl Neelsen works for these bacterias
Acid fast organisms (Nocardia, Mycobacterium)
70
Which other name does Ziehl Neelsen receives?
Carbol fuchsin
71
This bacteria requires India ink because of its thick polysaccharide capsule
Cryptococcus neoformans
72
What else can be use to stain thick ploysacharide capsules?
mucicarminne stains red
73
Who can be stain with silver?
Fungi (Pneumocystis), Legionella, Helicobacter pylori
74
Which media is used in special cultures for H. influenzae?
Chocolate agar with factors V (NAD+) and X (hematin)
75
Thayer Martin (or VPN) is the media culture for this bacteria
Neisseria Gonorrhoeae
| Neisseria Meningitidis
76
Which characteristics does VPN media has?
Vancomycin (inhibits gram positives organisms)
Polymyxin (inhibits gram negative organisms except Neisseria)
Nystatin (inhibits fungi)
77
For Bordetella Pertusis this is the special media culture
Bordet Gengou (potato) agar
78
Tellurite agar, Loffler medium is special media culture for?
C. diphteriae
79
In order to make a culture for M. Tuberculosis, what agar is needed?
Lowenstein Jensen agar
80
For M. pneumoniae which is the media used for isolation and what is the special requirement?
Eaton Agar, requires cholesterol
81
Pink colonies on MacConkey agar is used for...
Lactose fermenting enterics
82
Why do the colonies turn pink with MacConkey agar?
Fermentation produces acid, turning colony pink
83
Apart from MacConkey agar, where else can E. Coli grow?
Eosin Methylene blue (EMB) agar with green metalic sheen
84
This is the media used for isolating Legionella
Charcoal yeast extract agar buffered with cysteine and iron
85
If you want to make a special culture for Fungi which agar do yo need?
Saboraud agar
86
Why do the Obligate aerobes are O2 dependant?
To generate ATP
87
These are examples of obligate aerobes
Nocardia, Pseudomona aeruginosa and Mycobacterium tuberculosis
88
If there is a reactivation of M. tuberculosis where is the predilection site of apperance? Why?
Apices of the lung, which have the highest POs
89
Which cases can be at risk for reactivation of M. Tuberculosis?
After immune compromise or TNF α inhibitor use
90
In which patients can P. aeruginosa be seen?
Seen in burn wounds, complications of diabetes, nosocomial pneumonia, pneumonias in cystic fibrosis patients
91
Clostridium, Bacteriodes and Actinomyces on which kind of conditions do they have to live?
Obligate anaerobes
92
Why do the obligate anaerobes are suceptible to oxidative damage?
They lack catalase and/or superoxide dismutase
93
Why do the obligate anaerobes generally have foul smell?
Short chain fatty acids
94
These bacterias are difficult to culture, and also produce gas in tissue
Obligate anaerobes
95
Which kind of gas do obligate anaerobes produce?
CO2 and H2
96
Are part of the normal flora in GI tract, but pathogenic elsewhere
Obligate anaerobes
97
True or False... Aminoglycosides are effective against anaerobes
False aminoglycosides are ineffective against anaerobes
98
Why are aminoglycosides ineffective against anaerobes?
Because these antibiotics require O2 to enter into bacterial cell
99
Which Bacterias are Obligate intracellular?
Rickettsia and Chlamydia
100
Why Rickettsia and Chlamydia are Obligate intracellular?
Because they can´t make their own ATP
101
Which Bacterias are consider Facultative intracellular?
Salmonella, Neisseria, Brucella, Mycobacterium, Listeria, Francisella, Legionella, Yersinia pestis
102
Which is the mnemonic for facultative intracellular bacterias?
Somo Nasty Bacterias May Live FacultativeLY
103
Give examples of encapsulated bacteria
Sterptococcus pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenzae type B, Neisseria meningitidis, Escherichia coli, Salmonella, Klebsiellapneumoniae, and group B Strep
104
What importance does the capsule has in the Bacteria?
Serves as an antiphagocytic virulence factor
105
What purpose do the Capsule + protein conjugate have?
Serves as an antigen in vaccines
106
How does the body reacts to encapsulated bacterias?
Are opsonized and then cleared by spleen
107
Which kind of patiens have increased risk for severe infection?
Asplenics have ↓opsonizing ability
108
For the asplenic patients is neccesary giving vaccines, for which bacterias?
S. pneumoniae, H. influenzar, N. Meningitidis
109
What does the catalase degrades?
H2O2 before it can be converted to microbicidal products by the enzyme myeloperoxidase
110
Which kind of deficiency do people with chronic granulomatous disease have?
NADH oxidase deficiency
111
Chronic granulomatous disease patients are propense to have reccurents infections of which organisms?
Catalase + organisms
112
Which bacterias are consider Catalase positive?
Pseudomona, Listeria, Aspergillus, Candidam E. Coli, S aureusm, Serratia
113
How dow do the encapsulated bacteria vacinnes enhance immunogenicity?
By promoting T cell activation and subsequent class switching
114
Can a polysaccharide antigen alone be presented to T cells?
No, it has to be conjugated
115
Which are examples of conjugated vaccines?
Pneumococcal Conjugated Vacine (PCV)
H. influenzae type B
Meningococcal vacinne
116
Which comercial name does Pneumococcal conjugated vaccine receives?
Prevnar
117
This is an example of no conjugated with proteins vaccine
Pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine with no conjugated protein
118
This is the commercial name of Pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine with no conjugated protein
Pneumovax
119
Which bacterias are consider Ureasa positive?
Cryptococcocus, H. pylori, Proteus, Ureaplasma, Nocardia, Klebsiella, S. Epidermidis, S. saprophyticus
120
Which is the nmemonic for Ureasa positive bugs?
CHuck norris hates PUNKSS
121
Which bacteria has yellow sulfur granules composed of filamentof bacteria?
Actinomyces israelli
122
Which pigment does Pseudomona aeruginosa produces?
Blue green pigment
123
This bacteria produces a red pigment
Serratia marcescens
124
Which is the purpose of Bacterial virulence factors?
Promote evasion of host immune response
125
These are examples of mechanisms of Bacterial virulence factors
Protein A
IgA protease
M protein
126
Where does Protein A of bacterial virulence factors works?
Binds Fc region of IgG
127
What does Protein A prevents?
Prevents opsonization and phagocytosis
128
Which Bacteria expresses Protein A?
S. aureus
129
This bacterial virulence factor cleaves IgA
IgA protease
130
Which bacterias secrete IgA?
S. pneumonia, H. influenzae type B and Neisseria
131
Why do S. pneumonia, H. influenzae type B and Neisseria secrete IgA?
In order to colonize respiratory mucosa
132
This bacterial virulence factor helps prevent phagocytosis
M protein
133
Which bacterial virulence factor does group A streptococci expresses?
M protein
134
Which kind of bacterias have Exotoxin?
Certain species of some gram positive and gram negative
135
Who has and where are located the endotoxins?
Outter cell membran of most gram negative bacteria
136
The Exotoxin is mainly composed by?
Polypeptide
137
Chemically which is the main component of Endotoxin?
Lypopolysaccharide
138
When does the endotoxin of Lypopolysacharide is released?
When lysed
139
Exotoxin or Endotoxin... The location of their genes is in plasmid or bacteriophage
Exotoxin
140
Where is the location of genes with the Endotoxin
Bacterial chromosome
141
Who is more fatal, exotoxin or endotoxin?
Exotoxin, high toxicity
142
Which is the fatal dose with exotoxins?
1 µg
143
Which is the fatal dose with endotoxins?
hundreds of µg
144
Which are clinical effects of Endotoxin?
Fever, Shock, (hypotension), DIC
145
This is the mode of action
Induces TNF, IL- 1 and IL-6
146
Induces high titer antibodies called antitoxins
Exotoxins
147
They are consider poorly antigenic... Endotoxin or Exotoxin?
Endotoxin
148
Toxoid used as vaccines... Endotoxin or Exotoxin?
Exotoxin
149
How is the heat stability for Exotoxins?
Destroyed rapidly at 60º C
150
Which is the only exotoxin that isn´t destroyed at 60º C
Staphylococcal enterotoxin
151
At which temperature are endotoxins still stable?
Stable at 100ºC
152
For how much time do Endotoxins can be stable at 100ºC?
For 1 hr
153
These are the typical diseases that have exotoxin
Tetanus, botulism, diphteria
154
Which bacterias have endotoxin?
Meningoccocemia, sepsis by gram negative rods
155
These bacterias produce exotoxins that inhibit protein synthesis
Croynebacterium diphteriae
Pseudomonas aeruginosa
Shigella spp
Enterohemorragic E. Coli, including O157: h7 strain
156
Which exotoxin Corynebacterium diphtheriae produces to inhibit the protein synthesis?
Diphteria toxin
157
Which exotoxin Pseudomona aeruginosa produces to inhibit the protein synthesis?
Exotoxin A
158
Which is the mechanism of action of Diphteria Toxin and Exotoxin A?
Inactivate elingation factor (EF-2)
159
If you have a patient infected by Corynebacterium diphteriae which are the manifestation?
Pharyngitis with pseudomembranes in throat and severe lymphadenopathy (bull neck)
160
What are the repercussions at cellular level with Pseudomonas aeruginosa infection?
Host cell death
161
These two exotoxins inactivate 60S ribosome
Shiga toxin (ST) and Shiga-like toxin (SLT)
162
How do Shiga toxin (ST) and Shiga-like toxin (SLT) inactivate 60S ribosome
By removing adenine from rRNA
163
This bacteria produces Shiga toxin
Shigella spp
164
Who produces Shiga like toxin?
Enterohemorragic E. coli, including O157: H7 strain
165
What kind of toxins are Shiga toxin and Shiga like toxin?
ADP ribosylating A-B toxin
166
How does ADP ribosylating A-B toxin works?
B (binding) component binding to host cell surface, enabling endocytosis
A (active) component attaches ADP ribosyl to disrupt hist cell
167
Which manifestations does Shiga toxin has?
GI mucosal damage leading to dysentery
| Enhances cytokyne release causing hemolytic uremic syndrome
168
Which manifestations does Shiga like toxin has?
Enhances cytokyne release causing hemolytic uremic syndrome
169
Cellulary which difference do Shigella and Enterohemorragic E. Coli have?
Unlike Shigella, Enterohemorragic E. Coli does not invade host cells
170
Which kind of effects can Exotoxins cause?
```
Inhibit protein synthesis
Increase fluid secretion
Inhibit phagocytic ability
Inhibit release of neurotransmitters
Lyse cell membranes
Superantigens causing shock
```
171
These bacterias with their exotoxins can cause an increase fluid secretion
Enterotoxigenic E. Coli
Bacillus anthracis
Vibrio cholerae
172
These are the two toxins Enterotoxigenic E. coli can produce to cause increase fluid secretion
Heat labile Toxin
| Heat Stable toxin
173
Which is the mechanism of action of Heat labile toxin of Enterotoxigenic E. Coli
Overactive Adenylate cyclase (↑ cAMP)→ ↑Cl- secretion in gut and H2O efflux
174
This exotoxin causes Overactive Guanylate cyclase (↑ cGMP)→ ↓ resorption of NaCl and H2O in gut
Heat stable toxin of Enterotoxigenic E. Coli
175
Who produces Edema Factor, that increases the fluid secretions?
Bacillus anthracis
176
Which mechanism does Edeme factor in order to increase fluid secretion?
Mimics the adenylate cyclase enzyme (↑ cAMP)
177
How is clinicaly manifestated Bacillus anthracis with the edema factor
Likely responsible for characteristic edematous borders of blak eschar in cutaneous anthrax
178
Which is the name of the famous toxin produced by Vibrio cholera?
Cholera toxin
179
This is the mechanism of action of Cholera toxin
Overactive Adenylate cyclase (↑ cAMP) by permanently activating Gs→ ↑Cl- secretion in gut and H2O efflux
180
Which is the clinical manifestation of Cholera toxin?
Voluminous rice water diarrhea
181
This bacteria has the ability to inhibit phagocytic pertussis
Bordetella pertussis
182
Which is the exotoxin produce by Bordetella pertussis?
Pertussis toxin
183
This is the mechanism of defence of how Bordetella pertussis protects itself from phagocytosis with Pertussis toxin
Overactive Adenylate cyclase (↑ cAMP) by disabling Gi, impairing phagocytosis to permit survival of microbe
184
Whooping cough is the clinical manifestion of...
Bordetella pertussis
185
What is the whooping cough?
Child coughs on expiration and whoops on inspiration
186
What can Pertussis toxin cause in adults?
100 day cough
187
Which is the exotoxin effect of Clostridium tetani and Clostridium botulinum?
Inhibit release of neurotransmitter
188
Which exotoxin are secreted by Clostridium tetani and Clostridium botulinum?
Tetanospasmin and Botulinum toxin
189
This is the mechanism of action of Tetanospasmin and Botulinum toxin
Both are proteases that cleave SNARE proteins required for neurotransmitter release
190
This is the clinical manifestation of Clostridium tetani
Spasticity, risus sardonicus, and lockjaw
191
What does the Tetanospamin prevents?
Prevents release of inhibitory (GABA and glycine)
192
Tetanospamin Prevents release of inhibitory (GABA and glycine), but which cell produces them?
Renshaw cells in spinal chord
193
This bacteria causes Flaccid paralysis and floopy baby by effect of its toxin
Clostridium botulinum
194
Which neurotransmitter is prevented from being release by Clostridium botulinum toxin?
Prevents release of stimulatory ACH signals at neuromuscular junctions
195
These bacterias cause lyse cell membranes
Clostridium perfringens
| Streptococcus pyogenes
196
Which is the exotoxin of Clostridium perfringens that causes lyse cell membranes
Alpha toxin
197
Phospholipase (lecithinase) that degrades tissue and cell membranes produce by a certain Bacteria
Alpha toxin produced by Clostridium perfringens
198
What is the effect of Alpha toxin produced by Clostridium perfringens to the cell memebrane?
Degradation of phospholipids→ myonecrosis and hemolysis
199
How is manifested the myonecrosis caused by Clostridium perfringens?
Gas gangrene
200
Which is the finding seen with hemolysis caused by Clostridium perfringens?
"Double zone" of hemolysis on blood agar
201
This exotosin is produced by Streptococcus pyogenes in order to degrade cell membranes
Streptolysin O
202
What manifestation does Streptolysin O has in the blood?
Lyses RBCs, contributes to β hemolysis
203
What is used to diagnose rheumatic fever?
Host antibodies against Toxin (ASO- Anti Streptolysin O)
204
Is it the same Anti Streptolysin O (ASO) to the immune complexes of streptococcal glomerulonephritis?
No, they are completely different
205
This two bacterias cause superantigens causing shock
Staphylococcus aureus
| Streptococcus pyogenes
206
Its Sthaphylococcus aureus superantigen causing shock
Toxic shock syndrome toxin (TSST-1)
207
Which is the superantigen causing shock produce by Streptococcus pyogenes?
Exotoxin A
208
How do Toxic shock syndrome toxin and Exotoxin cause Shock?
Bring MHC II andTCR in proximity to outside if antigen binding site to cause overwhelming release of IFN γ and IL-2 → Shock
209
Which clinical manifestation are seen in Toxic shock syndrome caused by S. aureus or S. pyogenes?
Fever, Rash, Shock
210
Which other exotoxin are produced by S. aureus?
```
Exfoliative toxin (Cause scalded skin syndrome)
Enterotoxin (Food poisoning)
```
211
Where do we find LPS?
Outer membrane of gram negative bacteria (cocci and rods)
212
LPS are consider an exotoxin or a endotoxin?
Endotoxin
213
Which kind if lipids do Endotoxins have?
Lipid A
214
Which are the three main functions of Endotoxins?
Activate macrophages
Activate complement
Activates tissue factor
215
These are the secretion of macrophages activated by Endotoxin
IL- 1
TNF
Nitric oxide
216
What is the effect of increase IL-1?
Fever
217
From the activated macrophages, who manage the hypotension?
Nitric Oxide
218
This macrophage secretion manages both Fever and hypotension
TNF
219
These two products of complemtent are activated by Endotoxin
C3a
| C5a
220
Which activated complement causes hypotension and edema, C3a or C5a?
C3a
221
Which is the effect of C5a?
Neutrophil chemotaxis
222
If endotoxin activates tissue factor... which could be the repercussions?
Coagulation cascade→ DIC
223
Which is mnemonic used for Endotoxin effects?
```
ENDOTOXIN
Edema
Nitric oxide
DIC
Outer membrane
TNF α
O antigen
eXtrimely heat stable
IL-1
Neutrophil chemotaxis
```
224
These are some Bacterial genetics characteristics
Transformation
Conjugation
Transposition
Transduction
225
For a Bacteria, what is a transformation?
Ability to take up naked DNA from enviroment (also known as competence)
226
In the Bacterial Conjugation, what does it means F+ x F-?
F+ plasmid contains genes required for sex pilus and conjugation, Bacteria without this plamid are termed F-
227
How is it replicated and transfer the Plasmid (dsDNA)?
Through pilus from F+ cell
228
Is it a tranfer of chromosomal genes with F+ cell?
No transfer of chromosomal genes
229
What is high frequency recombination (Hfr)?
When F+ plasmid can become incorporated into bacterial chromosomal DNA
230
In the Hfr x F- conjugation, is it possible to have a tranfer of plasmid and chromosomal genes?
Yes
231
In the bacteria genetics, what is the transposition?
Segment of DNA tha can jump (exceision and reintegration) from one location to another, can transfer genes from plasmid to chromosome and viceversa
232
Which is an example of transposition in bacterias?
Antibiotic resistance genes on R plasmid. One bacteria that has a flaking DNA is excise and after that incorporated to plasmid and tranferred to another bacterium
233
In the bacterial genetics which is the classification of Transduction?
Generalized
| Specialized
234
What is a generalized transduction in bacterias?
A packaging event
235
Explain the generalized bacterial transduction
Lytic phage infects bacterium, leading to clevage of bacterial DNA. Parts of bacterial chromosomal DNA may become packaged in viral capsid. Phage infects another bacterium, transferring these genes.
236
What is a specialized bacterial transduction?
An excision event
237
Explain the specialized bacterial transduction
Lysogenic phage infects bacterium, viral DNA incroporates intobacterial chromosome. When phage DNA is excised, flanking bacterial genes may be excised with it. DNA is packaged into phage viral capsid and can infect another bacterium
238
Which are the 5 bacterial toxins encoded in a lysogenic phage?
```
ABCDE
ShigA- like toxin
Botulinum toxin (certain strains)
Cholera Toxin
Dhiptheria Toxin
Erythrogenic toxin of S. pyogenes
```
