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Microbiology > Microbiology Chapter 1 > Flashcards

Microbiology Chapter 1 Flashcards

1
Q

List several ways in which microbes affect our lives.

A

10 microorganisms for every human cell, and these microbes contribute to digestion, produce vitamin K, promote development of the immune system, and detoxify harmful chemicals. And, of course, microbes are essential to making many foods we enjoy, such as bread, cheese, and wine.

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2
Q

Distinguish a genus from a specific epithet

A

The generic name is the genus to which the species belongs, and the specific epithet refers to the species within that genus.

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2
Q

Describe some of the destructive and at least four beneficial actions or uses of microbes

A

Destructive: Food spoilage and sickness

Beneficial: Decompose organic waste, Digestion, food production, sewage treatments

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3
Q

Differentiate the major characteristics of each group of microorganisms. (bacteria)

A

bacteria -
- unicellular (single-celled)
- prokaryotes (no nucleus, pre-nucleus)
- several shapes (bacillus - rod like, coccus - spherical, spiral - corkscrew)
- several formations: forms in pairs, chains, clusters
- enclosed in cell walls made of peptidoglycan (carbohydrate:protein complex)
- reproduce by binary fission - division into 2 equal cells

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4
Q

Differentiate the major characteristics of each group of microorganisms. (archaea)

A

archaea -
- prokaryotic BUT lack peptidoglycan
- live in extreme environments

1) methanogens - produce methane as respiration waste product (marshes, swamps)
2) extreme halophiles - (halo = salt, philic = loving) great salt lake and dead sea
3) extreme thermophiles - (heat), hot sulfurus water, yellowstone national park

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5
Q

Differentiate the major characteristics of each group of microorganisms. (fungi)

A

fungi (or fungus) -
- eukaryotes (have nucleus)
- chitin cell walls
- two forms: unicellular (yeasts) and multicellular (molds, mushrooms)
- absorb organic materials from environment for nourishment (soil, water, animal, plant)
- sexual (spores) OR asexual (budding) reproduction

1) molds - masses of mycelia composed of filaments (hyphae) that branch and intertwine

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6
Q

Differentiate the major characteristics of each group of microorganisms. (protozoa)

A

protozoa (protozoan) -
- unicellular eukaryotes
- categorized by motility
- free entities or parasites (nutrients from living hosts)
- absorb or ingest organic chemicals in environment
- sexual/asexual reproduction

motility forms =
1) pseudopods - “false feet” - extensions of cytoplasm
2) cilia - numerous short appendages
3) flagella - long appendage
4) non-motile

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7
Q

Differentiate the major characteristics of each group of microorganisms. (algae)

A

algae (alga) -
- photosynthetic eukaryotes
- cellulose containing cell walls
- use photosynthesis for energy (need light, water, co2)
- produce O2 used by animals

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8
Q

Differentiate the major characteristics of each group of microorganisms. (viruses)

A

viruses -
- acellular
- virus particle contains a core that houses either DNA or RNA
- core may be enclosed in a lipid envelope
- viruses need to use cellular machinery to replicate
- inactive outside of host

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9
Q

What are the three domains of life

A
  1. Bacteria (pepridoglycan cell wall)
  2. Achae ( lack peptidoglycan)
  3. Eukarya
    - protists
    - fungi
    - plants
    - animals
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10
Q

Explain the importance of observations made by Hooke and van Leeuwenhoek.

A
  1. Robert Hooke observed that cork was composed of “little boxes”; he introduced the term cell (1665).
  2. Hooke’s observations laid the groundwork for development of the cell theory, the concept that all living things are composed of cells.
  3. Anton van Leeuwenhoek, using a simple microscope, was the first to observe microorganisms (1673).
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11
Q

Compare spontaneous generation and biogenesis.

A
  1. Until the mid-1880s, many people believed in spontaneous generation, the idea that living organisms could arise from nonliving matter.
  2. Francesco Redi demonstrated that maggots appear on decaying meat only when flies are able to lay eggs on the meat (1668).
  3. John Needham claimed that microorganisms could arise spontaneously from heated nutrient broth (1745).
  4. Lazzaro Spallanzani repeated Needham’s experiments and suggested that Needham’s results were due to microorganisms in the air entering his broth (1765).
  5. Rudolf Virchow introduced the concept of biogenesis: living cells can arise only from preexisting cells (1858).
  6. Louis Pasteur demonstrated that microorganisms are in the air everywhere and offered proof of biogenesis (1861).
  7. Pasteur’s discoveries led to the development of aseptic techniques used in laboratory and medical procedures to prevent contamination by microorganisms.
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12
Q

Explain how Pasteur’s work influenced Lister and Koch

A
  1. Joseph Lister introduced the use of a disinfectant to clean surgical wounds in order to control infections in humans (1860s).
  2. Robert Koch proved that microorganisms cause disease. He used a sequence of procedures, now called Koch’s postulates (1876), that are used today to prove that a particular microorganism causes a particular disease.
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13
Q

Summarize in your own words the germ theory of disease.

A

It states that microorganisms known as pathogens or “germs” can cause disease. These small organisms, too small to be seen without magnification, invade humans, other animals, and other living hosts.

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14
Q

Identify the importance of Koch’s postulates

A

discovers bacillus anthrasis
prove that specific mocrobes casue specific disease
1. The causative agent must be isolated in every case of the disease.

  1. The causative agent must be cultured outside the host.
  2. When injected into a healthy, susceptible host, the host must get the disease.
  3. The same etiologic agent must be cultured from the once healthy host when it becomes sick.
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15
Q

Identify the importance of Jenner’s work.

A
  1. In a vaccination, immunity (resistance to a particular disease) is conferred by inoculation with a vaccine.
  2. In 1798, Edward Jenner demonstrated that inoculation with cowpox material provides humans with immunity to smallpox.
  3. About 1880, Pasteur discovered that avirulent bacteria could be used as a vaccine for fowl cholera; he coined the word vaccine.
  4. Modern vaccines are prepared from living avirulent microorganisms or killed pathogens, from isolated components of pathogens, and by recombinant DNA techniques.
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16
Q

Identify the contributions to microbiology made by Ehrlich and Fleming

A
  1. Paul Ehrlich introduced an arsenic-containing chemical called salvarsan to treat syphilis (1910).
  2. Alexander Fleming observed that the Penicillium fungus inhibited the growth of a bacterial culture. He named the active ingredient penicillin (1928).
  3. Penicillin has been used clinically as an antibiotic since the 1940s.
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17
Q

Bacteriology

A

Bacteriology is the study of bacteria

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18
Q

Mycology

A

Study of Fungi

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19
Q

Parasitology

A

Study of parasites

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20
Q

Immunology

A

Study of immunity

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21
Q

Virology

A

Study of Viruses

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22
Q

Define biofilm and tell why biofilms are important.

A

microbes attach to solid surfaces (rocks, teeth, medical implants) and grow into masses. They are important because they provide protection for your mucous membrane from harmful mocrobes.
biofilms in lakes are important food for aqautic animals

23
Q

Define Molecular Biology

A

the branch of biology that deals with the structure and function of the macromolecules (e.g. proteins and nucleic acids) essential to life.

24
Q

Genetic information is carried in molecules of ____, which direct the synthesis of proteins.

A

Messenger RNA (mRNA)

25
Q

Give one example of biotechnology that uses recombinant DNA and one example that does not

A

Two examples that use recombinant DNA technology include: produce natural proteins, vaccines, enzymes, gene mapping, agriculture.

Two examples that do not use it include: Direct Synthesis of Enzymes by culturing Source Organisms, Production of Industrially useful products. Also producing food and chemicals.

26
Q

Recombinant DNA

A

DNA that has been formed artificially by combining constituents from different organisms.

27
Q

Define normal microbiota (flora) and resistance.

A

The normal microbiota are the microbes typically found in healthy people. These microbes are present at various places in the body and may be pathogenic (capable of causing disease) but are not in the process of doing so. Some of the normal microbiota are present all of the time and are considered to be indigenous.

28
Q

Pathogen

A

a bacterium, virus, or other microorganism that can cause disease.

29
Q

Infectious Disease

A

illnesses caused by germs (such as bacteria, viruses, and fungi) that enter the body, multiply, and can cause an infection

30
Q

Emerging Infectious Disease (EID)

A

infectious diseases that are newly recognized in a population or have existed but are rapidly increasing in incidence or geographic range.

31
Q

What factors contribute to the emergence of an infectious disease?

A

ecological, environmental, or demographic factors that place people at increased contact with a previously unfamiliar microbe or its natural host or promote dissemination.

32
Q

Scientific nomenclature assigns each organism two names: the genus and the:

A

Specific Epithet

33
Q

In 1978, Carl Woese devised a system of classification that groups organisms into the domains Bacteria, Archaea, and:

A

Eukarya

34
Q

Eukarya includes ALL of the following EXCEPT:

A

Viruses

35
Q

Robert Koch:

A

Proved that bacteria can cause disease

36
Q

Who discovered a chemotherapeutic agent against syphilis?

A

Ehrlich

37
Q

Fleming:

A

Discovered penicillin

38
Q

Pasteur:

A

Discovered the cause of fermentation

39
Q

Lister is associated with:

A

Aseptic Surgery

40
Q

Jenner is associated with:

A

Vaccination

41
Q

The process of using just enough heat to kill bacteria that cause spoilage was developed by:

A

Pasteur

42
Q

Salvarsan was developed by:

A

Ehrlich

43
Q

ALL of the following are natural human defenses against disease EXCEPT:

A

Penicillin

44
Q

Human disease caused by a prion is known as:

A

MRSA

45
Q

Prion

A

A prion is a type of protein that can trigger normal proteins in the brain to fold abnormally. Prion diseases can affect both humans and animals and are sometimes spread to humans by infected meat products.

46
Q

Bacillus thuringiensis is used:

A

As a natural insecticide

47
Q

Bioremediation is the use of microbes:

A

to clean up pollutants and toxic wastes

48
Q

Biotechnology can best be defined as using living organisms to:

A

develop useful products

49
Q

ONLY bacteria can convert which element into a form that is available to plants and animals?

A

Nitrogen

50
Q

Who challenged the case for spontaneous generation with the concept of biogenesis?

A

Virchow

51
Q

Bacteria differ from viruses in that bacteria:

A

Are composed of cells

Can live without a host

Have DNA and RNA

52
Q

Which of the following best describes the introduction of a human gene into bacteria to induce the bacteria to produce the human protein?

A

Recombinant DNA technology

53
Q

The laboratory and medical procedures employed to prevent microbial contamination are called ________.

A

Aseptic Techniques

54
Q

In using bacterial cells to make medicines like human growth hormone, the human gene encoding the hormone must be inserted into a piece of bacterial DNA known as:

A

a plasmid

55
Q

In using bacterial cells to make medicines like human growth hormone, the human gene encoding the hormone must be inserted into a piece of bacterial DNA known as:

A

Transformation

Microbiology (4 decks)

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