Microbiology Chapter 2

Question 1

All tangible materials that occupy space and have mass

Answer 1

Matter

Question 2

Form between atoms that share electrons rather than receiving them

Answer 2

Covalent bonds

Question 3

Share two pairs of electrons and are more rigid than single bonds

Answer 3

Double covalent bonds

Question 4

Results when a molecule is formed between two molecules that have different electronegativity, or ability to attract electrons. Leads to an unequal sharing of electrons

Answer 4

Polar molecule

Question 5

Molecules formed when atoms have similar electronegativity. Leads to an equal sharing of electrons

Answer 5

Non-polar molecule

Question 6

Formed when electrons are completely transferred from one atom to another

Answer 6

Ionic bonds

Question 7

The formation of charged particles when a molecule formed by ionic bonds dissolves in a solvent

Answer 7

Ionization

Question 8

Formed due to attractive forces between atoms or molecules

Answer 8

Hydrogen bonding

Question 9

Molecules entering or starting a chemical reaction

Answer 9

Reactants

Question 10

Substances left by a chemical reaction

Answer 10

Products

Question 11

Reactants bond together in a manner that produces an entirely new molecule

Answer 11

Synthesis reactions

Question 12

Bonds on a single reactant molecule are permanently broken to release two or more product molecules

Answer 12

Decomposition reactions

Question 13

Reactants trade portions between each other and release products that are combinations of the two

Answer 13

Exchange reactions

Question 14

Substances that increase the rate of a reaction without being consumed in the process

Answer 14

Catalysts

Question 15

Occurs when a component dissolved in water releases excess hydrogen ions

Answer 15

Acidic solution

Question 16

Occurs when a component dissolved in water absorbs excess hydrogen ions

Answer 16

Basic solution

Question 17

Reactions in which acids react with bases and form water and salts

Answer 17

Neutralization reactions

Question 18

Which functional group acts as an acid?

Answer 18

Carboxyl group

Question 19

Which functional group acts as a base?

Answer 19

Amino group

Question 20

Which functional group can assist in energy transfer reactions?

Answer 20

Phosphate

Question 21

Which functional group is common to alcohols?

Answer 21

Hydroxyl

Question 22

Which two functional groups are common to amino acids?

Answer 22

Basic amino group and acidic carboxyl group

Question 23

Digestion or breakdown of polysaccharides that requires the addition of water

Answer 23

Hydrolysis

Question 24

Long, fibrous polymer. Gives strength and rigidity to plants and microscopic algae. One of the most common organic substances on Earth. Digestible only by fungi, bacteria, and protozoa

Answer 24

Cellulose

Question 25

Important in preparing solid culture media. Natural component of seaweed. Polymer of galactose and sulfur-containing carbohydrates

Answer 25

Agar

Question 26

Polymer of glucosamine. Found in the cell wall of fungi

Answer 26

Chitin

Question 27

Polysaccharides are linked to peptide fragments. Provides the main source of structural support to the bacterial cell wall

Answer 27

Peptidoglycan

Question 28

Complex of lipid and polysaccharide found in the outer membrane of gram-negative bacteria. Responsible for symptoms of fever and shock

Answer 28

Lipopolysaccharide

Question 29

Building blocks of proteins, exist in 20 different naturally-occuring forms, linked by peptide bonds

Answer 29

Amino acids

Question 30

Molecule composed of short chains of amino acids

Answer 30

Peptide

Question 31

Disruption of the native state of a protein through heat, chemicals, acid or other means, making the protein non-functional

Answer 31

Denature

Question 32

Contains a special-coded genetic program with detailed instructions for each organism's heredity

Answer 32

DNA

Question 33

Helper molecules responsible for translating and carrying out the instructions of DNA

Answer 33

RNA

Question 34

Copy of a gene

Answer 34

mRNA

Question 35

Carrier that transports the correct amino acids to the ribosome

Answer 35

tRNA

Question 36

Major component of ribosome

Answer 36

rRNA

Question 37

This carbohydrate is a sugar

Answer 37

Saccharide

Question 38

A simple sugar containing from 3-7 carbons

Answer 38

Monosaccharide

Question 39

A combination of two monosaccharides

Answer 39

Disaccharide

Question 40

Polymer of five or more monosaccharides

Answer 40

Polysaccharides (Starch or amylose, glycogen, cellulose, peptidoglycan)

Question 41

Carbons on adjacent sugar units are bonded to the same oxygen atom like links in a chain

Answer 41

Glycosidic bonds

Question 42

Polymerization process when one carbon group gives up on H and the other carbon gives up on OH, forming water

Answer 42

Dehydration synthesis

Question 43

All carbons in the fatty acid chain are single-bonded to 2 other carbons and 2 hydrogen atoms

Answer 43

Saturated fatty acid

Question 44

A fatty acid in which at least one double bond exists between carbon atoms

Answer 44

Unsaturated fatty acid

Question 45

Reinforces cell membranes in animal cells and cell-wall deficient bacteria

Answer 45

Cholesterol

Question 46

Found in the cell membranes of fungi

Answer 46

Ergosterol