Microbiology Exam 1

Question 1

who was known as the father of western medicine

Answer 1

Hippocrates

Question 2

Who proposed that swamps might harbor tiny, disease-causing animals too small to see?

Answer 2

Varro

Question 3

If resolution is increased ___ ___ is too

Answer 3

numerical aperture

Question 4

Resolution and ___ are negatively correlated

Answer 4

wavelength

Question 5

Robert Hooke published the book called ___

Answer 5

Microphagia

Question 6

difference between TEM and SEM microscopes

Answer 6

TEM- sees inside of cells like organelles, electron goes through specimen which has to be extremely flat
SEM- sees the surface of a cell, electron bounces off specimen and makes 3-D images

Question 7

2 ways to view specimen under light microscope

Answer 7

wet mount- drop of water
heat fix- flaming the back or sitting it on a hot plate

Question 8

2 ways to heat fix

Answer 8

hot plate/flame
acetone/ethanol/grams iodine

Question 9

positive stain vs negative stain

Answer 9

+ stains the specimen, - stains the background

Question 10

5 basic positive stains

Answer 10

fuchsin, crystal violet, malachite green, methylene blue, and safranin

Question 11

5 steps of Gram staining

Answer 11

1) drop of water, specimen, heat fix
2) crystal violet
3) grams iodine-mordant
4) alcohol/ethanol- decolorizer
5) safranin

Question 12

after completing grams stain, gram + bacteria is ___ or ___ in color and gram - is ___ or ___ in color

Answer 12

+ = purple or blue
- = pink or red

Question 13

___ microscopy is good for living specimen

Answer 13

dark field

Question 14

3 components pro- and eu- karyotic cells have in common

Answer 14

1) ribosomes
2) cytoplasm
3) 1-2 chromosomes

Question 15

what do ribosomes do?

Answer 15

produce protein

Question 16

difference in chromosomes in eu and prokaryotic cells

Answer 16

Eukaryotic cells have multiple rod chromosomes
Prokaryotic cells have one circular chromosome

Question 17

coccus

Answer 17

round bacteria- one

Question 18

bacillus

Answer 18

rod

Question 19

vibrio

Answer 19

curved rod

Question 20

coccobacillus

Answer 20

short rod

Question 21

spirillum

Answer 21

spiral

Question 22

spirochete

Answer 22

helix

Question 23

coccus- arrangement

Answer 23

one circle

Question 24

diplococcus-arrangement

Answer 24

2 coccus

Question 25

tetrad- arrangement

Answer 25

4 round cells in square

Question 26

streptococcus -arrangement

Answer 26

chain of coccus

Question 27

staphylococcus - arrangement

Answer 27

cluster of coccus

Question 28

bacillus - arrangement

Answer 28

single rod

Question 29

streptobacillus - arrangement

Answer 29

chain of rods

Question 30

prokaryotic DNA interacts with nucleoid-associated proteins (NAPs) that assist in ___

Answer 30

organization and packaging of chromosomes

Question 31

DNA organizing structures in eukaryotic cells

Answer 31

histones

Question 32

prokaryotic cells in unstable environments can store extra nutrition in ___

Answer 32

inclusions

Question 33

5 prokaryotic inclusions

Answer 33

volutin- polymerizes phosphate gas- air to aid in buoyancy carboxysomes- rubisco and carbon anhydrides-carbon metabolism sulfur granules- create sulfur magnetosomes- alignment of magnetic field

Question 34

___ are structures that essentially protect the bacterial genome in a dormant state when environmental conditions are unfavorable

Answer 34

endospores

Question 35

5 components of endospores

Answer 35

1) don't gram stain 2) protect from extreme environments 3) dehydrated- no metabolic activity 4) no growth

Question 36

The process by which vegetative cells transform into endospores is called ___

Answer 36

sporulation

Question 37

when environmental conditions improve endospores go into ___

Answer 37

germination

Question 38

The plasma membrane structure of most bacterial and eukaryotic cell types is a bilayer composed mainly of phospholipids formed with ___ ___ and ___

Answer 38

ester linkages and protein

Question 39

archaeal membrane phospholipids are formed with ___ linkages

Answer 39

ether

Question 40

gram positive vs gram negative peptide bridges in cell wall

Answer 40

gram positive has pentaglycine cross bridges gram negative has NAM direct cross linked

Question 41

gram positive cell wall structure

Answer 41

thicker peptidoglycan with imbedded TA's and carb chains

Question 42

acid fast staining is used for bacteria with a waxy outer coating made with ___ acid

Answer 42

mycolic acid

Question 43

gram negative cell wall structure (3)

Answer 43

thinner polydoglycan, periplasmic space, and LPS on outer membrane

Question 44

phylum of gram negative bacteria

Answer 44

proteobacteria

Question 45

5 classes of proteobacteria

Answer 45

alpha, beta, gamma, delta, epsilon

Question 46

alphaproteobacteria class and 2 taxa

Answer 46

oligotrophs- live in low nutrient places chlamydia and rickettsia

Question 47

betaproteobacteria are ___ and include the genus

Answer 47

eutrophs and belong to the genus Neisseria

Question 48

gammaproteobacteria are the most diverse and include the genus ___ and order ___ and family ___

Answer 48

pseudomonas, vibrionales, etero

Question 49

deltaproteobacteria include ___ reducing bacteria

Answer 49

sulfate

Question 50

epsilonproteobacteria are ___ bacteria and include the 2 genera

Answer 50

microaerophilic and 2 genera Campylobacter and Helicobacter

Question 51

the ___ and ___ group are a part of nonproteobacteria

Answer 51

spirochetes and CBF

Question 52

2 spirochetes nonproteobacteria genus

Answer 52

borrelia and treponema

Question 53

the gram negative nonproteobacteria CBF group is made of

Answer 53

Cytophaga, Fusobacterium, and Bacteroides

Question 54

CBF group are avid ___

Answer 54

fermenters

Question 55

the class ___ comprises of high G+C gram positive bacteria

Answer 55

actinobacteria

Question 56

the class ___ comprises of low G+C gram positive bacteria

Answer 56

bacilli

Question 57

3 Genuses of high G+C gram positive bacteria

Answer 57

streptomyces, mycobacteria, and bifidobacteria

Question 58

one large group of low G+C gram positive bacteria is ___

Answer 58

claustridia

Question 59

two genera of bacilli

Answer 59

bacillus and staphylococcus

Question 60

lactobacillales two bacteria (low G+C positive)

Answer 60

bacilli and cocci

Question 61

gram negative hyperthermophile

Answer 61

Acetothermus