Microbiology Exam 2 Flashcards
(142 cards)
1
Q
metabolism
A
encompasses all chemical reactions and physical working of a cell
2
Q
Enzymes
A
molecules that increase the rate of chemical reactions by lowering the energy of activation
3
Q
energy of activation
A
the energy required to initiate a reaction
4
Q
holoenzymes
A
conjugated enzymes which contain protein and nonprotein molecules
5
Q
apoenzyme
A
is the protein portion of holoenzymes
6
Q
simple enzymes
A
consists of protein alone
7
Q
coenzymes
A
function by removing chemical groups from a substrate molecule and adding them to another substrate, ORGANIC MOLECULES OR VITAMINS
8
Q
metabolic pathways
A
consist of a linked series of individual chemical reactions WITH EACH STEP CATALYZED BY AN ENZYME that produce intermediary metabolites and lead to a final product
9
Q
enzymes
A
can be controlled genetically by regulating their synthesis
10
Q
cells
A
manage energy in the form of chemical reactions that change molecules
11
Q
exergonic reactions
A
release energy as they proceed
12
Q
endergonic reactions
A
require energy to proceed
13
Q
ATP
A
contains unique energy storing properties, allowing it to serve as a connection between energy-yeilding catabolism and all other cellular activities
14
Q
oxidative phosphorylation
A
is the coupling of ATP synthesis to electron transport
15
Q
The CTA cycle
A
converts acetyl coenzyme A into CO2 and H2O and generates NADH and FADH2
16
Q
The electron transport system
A
receives electrons from NADH and FADH2, shuttles the electrons and gives off ATP
17
Q
catalyst
A
accelerates a chemical reaction
18
Q
substrates
A
the substance acted upon by an enzyme
19
Q
cofactors
A
substance necessary to function of an enzyme
20
Q
active site
A
physical place for specific substrate molecules to position
21
Q
catalytic site
A
site for substrate binding ACTIVE SITE is also used for substrate binding
22
Q
metallic cofactors
A
iron, copper, magnesium
23
Q
vitamins
A
one of the most common components of coenzymes and important to nutrition and may be required as growth factors for living things
24
Q
constitutive enzymes
A
always present, always produced in equal amounts or at equal rates, regardless of amount of substrate
enzymes involved in glucose metabolism
25
regulated enzymes
NOT constantly present:production is turned on (induced) or turned off (repressed) in response to changes in concentration of the substrate
SAVES CELL ENERGY
26
oxidized
removal of electrons from a substrate
27
reduced
addition of electrons from a substrate
28
labile
chemically unstable enzymes-sensitive to certain conditions
29
competitive inhibition
substance that resembles normal substrate competes with substrate for active site
CAN ENTER SITE BUT CAN'T TURN IT INTO PRODUCT
KM^ Vmax v
30
noncompetitive inhibition
enzymes are regulated by the binding of molecules other than the substrate not at the active site.
DOES NOT EFFECT KM
31
exoenzymes
transported extracellularly, where they break down large molecules to smaller molecules or inactive substances
WHEN THEY WANT TO INFLUENCE EXTERNAL ENVIRONMENT-breaks things down outside cell
32
endoenzymes
retained intracellularly and function there
MOST ENZYMES ARE ENDOENZYMES
33
enzyme repression
is a means to stop further synthesis of enzyme somewhere along its pathway.
34
enzyme induction
opposite of repression. the enzymes appear only when suitable substrates are present
35
exergonic
a chemical reaction associated with the release of energy to the surroundings
36
fermentation
which yields no additional ATP beyond glycolysis is the incomplete oxidation of glucose or other carbohydrates in the absence of oxygen
TWO TYPES ALCOHOLIC FERMENTATION/ORGANIC ACIDIC FERMENTATION
37
microbes
can be used to produce a variety of fermentation products by varying the raw materials provided them
38
amphibolism
involves the integration of catabolic and anabolic pathways
39
macromolecules
are made of building blocks that are either preformed or synthesized by anabolic pathways
40
The TCA cycle
converts acetyl coenzyme A into CO2 and H2O and generates NADH and FADH2
41
heterotroph
we are an example of this eat to survive
an organism that must obtain organic carbon thus they are dependent on other life forms
42
autotroph
uses light as an energy source
an organism that uses inorganic carbon (CO2) as its carbon source AND are not dependent on other life forms
43
growth factor
an organic compound that cannot be synthesized by an organism / must be provided as a nutrient
44
phototrophs
microbes that perform photosynthesis
45
chemotrophs
microbes that gain energy from chemical compounds
46
organotrophs
organic chemicals
47
lithotrophs
inorganic chemicals
48
photoautotrophs
form the bases for most food webs as primary producers of organic matter
oxygenic=use light, water and CO2
anoxygenic=cannot use water, use other inorganic material like hydrogen sulfide (rotten eggs)
49
diffusion
the net movement of molecules down photoautotrophs concentration gradient by random thermal motion
50
osmosis
diffusion of water through a selectively permeable membrane
51
facilitated diffusion
a carrier protein in the membrane of a cell facilitates the movement of a specific substance down its concentration gradient
52
active transport
requires energy and specific membrane proteins to move nutrients against their concentration gradient
53
endocytosis
NOT used by bacteria
how large substances are transported into cells
54
survival of microbe
is dependent on its ability to adapt to temp variations present in its environment
55
psychrophile
grow in cold temp
56
mesophile
grow in moderate temp
57
thermophile
grow in hot temp
58
facultative anaerobe
microbes ability to use oxygen when it is available and function in the absence of oxygen
59
aerobe
they use oxygen
60
anaerobe
their lack of ability to process oxygen
61
symbiosis
a situation in which two organisms live together in a close partnership
62
mutualism symbiosis
both members benefit
63
commensalism symbiosis
other member not harmed
ex: normal flora
64
parasitism symbiosis
dependent and harms host
65
synergism non-symbiotic
cooperate and share nutrients
66
antagonism non-symbiotic
members are inhibited or destroyed by others
67
quorum sensing
how microbes in a biofilm communicate with each other
68
biofilms
are very important in medicine and in the environment
69
plaktonically
microbes that are passively floating - not part of a biofilm
70
binary fission
how the division of a bacterial cell occurs
71
growth curve
populations of bacteria grow in patterns termed
72
lag phase
flat period - beginning not much happening
73
exponential growth
upward growth-maximum growth
74
stationary growth
tops out cell growth=rate of cell death
75
death
self explanatory
76
indirect
turbidity cloudiness
77
direct
viable cell count
78
physical count
counting chamber
79
photoheterotroph
use light for energy and organic compounds for carbon source
80
chemoautotroph
use elections from inorganic chemicals for energy and CO2 for carbon
81
chemoheterotroph
use organic molecules for both energy and carbon
82
saprobes
free-living
live on dead organisms
83
chemical requirements for growth
carbon
nitrogen, sulfur, phosporous
trace elements
growth factors
84
physical requirements for growth
```
Temperature
Gas Requirements
Oxygen
pH
Osmotic pressure
```
85
obligate aerobes
can NOT grow without oxygen
86
obligate anaerobes
Does NOT utilize oxygen in energy metabolism
Lacks SOD CANNOT survive in O2 environments
87
The TCA cycle
converts acetyl coenzyme A into CO2 and H2O and generates NADH and FADH2
88
heterotroph
we are an example of this eat to survive
an organism that must obtain organic carbon thus they are dependent on other life forms
89
autotroph
uses light as an energy source
an organism that uses inorganic carbon (CO2) as its carbon source AND are not dependent on other life forms
90
growth factor
an organic compound that cannot be synthesized by an organism / must be provided as a nutrient
91
phototrophs
microbes that perform photosynthesis
92
chemotrophs
microbes that gain energy from chemical compounds
93
organotrophs
organic chemicals
94
lithotrophs
inorganic chemicals
95
photoautotrophs
form the bases for most food webs as primary producers of organic matter
oxygenic=use light, water and CO2
anoxygenic=cannot use water, use other inorganic material like hydrogen sulfide (rotten eggs)
96
diffusion
the net movement of molecules down photoautotrophs concentration gradient by random thermal motion
97
osmosis
diffusion of water through a selectively permeable membrane
98
facilitated diffusion
a carrier protein in the membrane of a cell facilitates the movement of a specific substance down its concentration gradient
99
active transport
requires energy and specific membrane proteins to move nutrients against their concentration gradient
100
endocytosis
NOT used by bacteria
how large substances are transported into cells
101
survival of microbe
is dependent on its ability to adapt to temp variations present in its environment
102
psychrophile
grow in cold temp
103
mesophile
grow in moderate temp
104
thermophile
grow in hot temp
105
facultative anaerobe
microbes ability to use oxygen when it is available and function in the absence of oxygen
106
aerobe
they use oxygen
107
anaerobe
their lack of ability to process oxygen
108
symbiosis
a situation in which two organisms live together in a close partnership
109
mutualism symbiosis
both members benefit
110
commensalism symbiosis
other member not harmed
ex: normal flora
111
parasitism symbiosis
dependent and harms host
112
synergism non-symbiotic
cooperate and share nutrients
113
antagonism non-symbiotic
members are inhibited or destroyed by others
114
quorum sensing
how microbes in a biofilm communicate with each other
115
biofilms
are very important in medicine and in the environment
116
plaktonically
microbes that are passively floating - not part of a biofilm
117
binary fission
how the division of a bacterial cell occurs
118
growth curve
populations of bacteria grow in patterns termed
119
lag phase
a
120
exponential growth
a
121
stationary growth
aa
122
death
a
123
indirect
turbidity cloudiness
124
direct
viable cell count
125
physical count
counting chamber
126
photoheterotroph
use light for energy and organic compounds for carbon source
127
chemoautotroph
use elections from inorganic chemicals for energy and CO2 for carbon
128
chemoheterotroph
use organic molecules for both energy and carbon
129
saprobes
free-living
live on dead organisms
130
chemical requirements for growth
carbon
nitrogen, sulfur, phosporous
trace elements
growth factors
131
physical requirements for growth
```
Temperature
Gas Requirements
Oxygen
pH
Osmotic pressure
```
132
obligate aerobes
can NOT grow without oxygen
133
obligate anaerobes
Does NOT utilize oxygen in energy metabolism
134
aerotolerant aerobes
down NOT utilize O2 in energy metabolism, but can survive and grow in its presence
Produce SOD
135
mictoaerophiles
tolerates and utilizes only a small amount of oxygen
136
capnophiles
grows best at higher CO2 tension than normally present in the atmosphere
137
acidophiles
neutrophiles
alkalophile
acidic pH 3-4
middle pH 6-8
alkaline pH 8- 9.5
138
osmophile
requires high solutes
139
osmotolerant
do NOT require high concentration of solute but can tolerate it when it occurs
140
obligate halophiles
require a high concentration of NaCl
141
halotolerant
tolerates but does not require high NaCl
142
generation time
amount of time required for a complete fission cycle
