Microbiology - Exam 3

Question 1

Body system that consists of kidneys, ureters, bladder, (all of which are sterile), and urethra (which will contain some bacteria)

Answer 1

Urinary System

Question 2

Most common cause of cystitis

Answer 2

E. coli

Question 3

Frequency & urgency in urination
Burning upon urination
Low back pain

Answer 3

UTI Symptoms

Question 4

Cleanse urethra with antiseptic, then urinate for a few seconds and collect remaining urine in sterile specimen cup

Answer 4

Midstream Clean Catch Method of urine collection

Question 5

Insert sterile hollow tube into urethra to the bladder to collect urine

Answer 5

Catheterization

Question 6

Known as the Bladder Tap, urine is collected from the bladder using a needle and syringe

Answer 6

Suprapubic Aspirate

Question 7

Chemstrip or Multistix is dipped into urine, detecting pH, glucose, ketones, blood, protein, nitrites, and WBCs (phagocytize the bacteria, changing nitrates to nitrites when present in the bladder)

Answer 7

Macroscopic part of the urinalysis

Also known as a dipstick

Question 8

Use a centrifuge to examine urinary sediment; large WBC count and numerous bacteria indicate a UTI

Answer 8

Part of the microscopic exam of the urinalysis

Question 9

A loop of urine (1/100ml) on a slide, then stain and determine bacteria count; >100,000 per ml of urine indicates UTI

Answer 9

Gram Stain

Question 10

Clean catch urine inoculated onto agars, using a loop delivering 1/1000ml urine, keeping urine refrigerated until streaking

Answer 10

Urine culture

Question 11

Elevated bilirubin during urinalysis would indicate this type of inflammation

Answer 11

Hepatitis

Question 12

Elevated glucose during urinalysis would suggest this disease

Answer 12

Diabetes mellitus

Question 13

STD that has pus discharge from the penis in males and are the causitive bacteria of pelvic inflammatory disease (PID)

Answer 13

Gonorrhea or Chlamydia

Question 14

A painless lesion (chancre) with a sunken center on the labia suggests this STD, indicated by slow moving 8-14 coiled spirochete in dark field microscope or positive RPR test

Answer 14

Syphillis

Question 15

Knotched incisors indicate person born with this STD

Answer 15

Syphillis

Question 16

The bacteria that causes syphillis

Answer 16

Treponema pallidum

Question 17

Vaginal itching suggests this STD

Answer 17

vaginal yeast infection or bacterial vaginosis

Question 18

Painful small, watery blisters suggest this STD, which cannot be cured
A person is most infectious when blisters burst
The virus can infect newborns, causing severe neurologic dysfunction or possibly death

Answer 18

Herpes

Question 19

Indicated by yellow fluorescence in columnar epithelial cells using fluorescent antibody technique

Answer 19

Chlamydia infection

Question 20

Disease that is diagnosed by gram-negative diplococci inside segmented neutrophils or colonies on MTM Chocolate incubated in 10% carbon dioxide

Answer 20

Neisseria Gonorrhea

Question 21

This STD is called the “great imitator”, and mucous patches in the mouth are common

Answer 21

Secondary Syphilis

Question 22

This STD is the cause of vaginal yeast infections and Thrush

Forms“germ tubes” when grown in serum for 2-3 hours

Answer 22

Candida albicans

Question 23

An RNA virus that produces “reverse transcriptase”, can infect brain cells and invades helper T-cells, destroying immune system

Answer 23

HIV

Question 24

Pneumocystitis carinii pneumonia can be one of the first signs of this STD
Caused by a virus called HIV

Answer 24

AIDS

Question 25

A type of cancer seen in AIDS, determined by a Western Blot test, checking for HIV

Answer 25

Kaposi’s sarcoma

Question 26

Newer term for Sexually Transmitted Diseases that is gaining acceptance; it implies infection that may occur without signs of clinical illness

Answer 26

STI - Sexually Transmitted Infection

Question 27

This disease is caused by gram-negative diplococci inside segmented neutrophils Must attach to the mucosal cells of epithelial wall, causing inflammation and formation of pus

Answer 27

Gonorrhea

Question 28

Symptoms of this disease include painful urination, pus-containing discharge from urethra Usually show symptoms within a week on exposure May resolve if untreated, but has serious side effects

Answer 28

Gonorrhea in males

Question 29

Finding gram-negative diplococci within segmented neutrophils from discharge

Answer 29

Diagnosis method for gonorrhea in males

Question 30

Usually asymptomatic and affecting only the cervix May develop abdominal pain due to PID If untreated can develop serious side effects

Answer 30

Gonorrhea in Females

Question 31

No growth on BAP, but growth on CAP when incubated in elevated carbon dioxide levels, as gram staining not as reliable Usually oxidase positive Can do sugar tests or ELISA test

Answer 31

Diagnostic method for gonorrhea females

Question 32

List some complications of gonorrhea

Answer 32

joint involvement, endocarditis, meningitis, septic sore throat and can cause eye infections in newborns born to infected mothers

Question 33

Treatment of Gonorrhea

Answer 33

Penicillin in adults | Eyes of newborns: silver nitrate, erythromycin or tetracycline to prevent blindness

Question 34

Any inflammation to the urethra not caused by Neisseria gonorrhoeae

Answer 34

Nongonococcal Urethritis

Question 35

Number one bacterial STD in US and usually seen with gonorrhea because infects same epithelial cells, frequently seen in young adults Most women are asymptomatic, while men exhibit mild symptoms

Answer 35

Chlamydia trachomatis

Question 36

Inflammation of the epididymis and pus discharge from penis in males In females, inflammation of the uterine tubes, scarring of tubes leads to possible infertility

Answer 36

Symptoms of Chlamydia trachomatis

Question 37

Diagnosis of Chlamydia trachomatis

Answer 37

Test male urine or cervical swab from female by using ELISA, PCR or Fluorescent-antibody

Question 38

Caused by a weak-staining gram-negative spirochete Incubation averages 3 weeks, but can range from weeks to months Can cross placenta

Answer 38

Syphilis

Question 39

Initial sign is small, hard, ulcerated chancre at infection site, forming serum exudate, which is highly infectious Painless, and in few weeks chancre disappears

Answer 39

Primary Syphilis

Question 40

Occurs several weeks after primary stage, manifesting as skin rash that is very infectious, and may have hair loss or mild fever

Answer 40

Secondary Syphilis

Question 41

Several weeks after secondary syphilis, may enter this phase if not treated, causing internal damage without symptoms

Answer 41

Latent Syphilis

Question 42

Less than half untreated cases go to this stage and occurs years after initial infection, after the onset of the latent phase, perhaps affecting the nervous system and exhibiting gummas

Answer 42

Tertiary Syphilis

Question 43

Usually seen when pregnancy occurs in the latent period | Transmitted across placenta, usually damaging mental development, although child may appear healthy when born

Answer 43

Congenital Syphilis

Question 44

Doesn’t grow on agar or in broth and spirochete doesn’t stain well Can scrape chancre and perform dark-field microscopic exam Serologic tests, RPR tests or perhaps fluorescent antibody tests

Answer 44

Diagnosis of Syphilis

Question 45

Causes Candidiasis, Thrush, Monilia and is spread by sexual intercourse where both partners should be treated Growth on BAP, vaginal wet prep, germ tubes for diagnosis

Answer 45

Candida albicans

Question 46

Lesions appear within one week and cause burning sensation, then vesicles appear causing painful urination, walking, contact, usually healing within a few weeks Vesicles can contain infectious fluid, semen may contain virus, which enters lifelong latent stage in nerves

Answer 46

Genital Herpes

Question 47

Caused by Human papillomavirus (HPV), with more than 60 serotypes Greatest problem is connection to cervical cancer Treatment includes gels, liquid nitrogen, acids, lasers, vaccine

Answer 47

Genital Warts

Question 48

Inflammation of the liver caused by a double stranded, enveloped DNA virus Blood can contain up to a billion viruses per mL, surviving up to 8 days out of body Symptoms are anorexia, low grade fever, joint pain, followed late in the disease by jaundice Treatment is limited and vaccination is required

Answer 48

Hepatitis B

Question 49

From mutation of virus endemic to central Africa, transmitted by direct contact with infected body fluids Caused by several strains, routes of infection include sexual contact, breast milk, blood contamination & transfusion Other opportunistic infections include Toxoplasma, Kaposi’s sarcoma, Candidiasis

Answer 49

HIV

Question 50

Invades helper T cells, where host cell releases viral RNA, transcribed into DNA by reverse transcriptase DNA instructs the T cell to produce more of the virus after integrating into chromosomal DNA of host cell Virus is not detected by the immune system

Answer 50

HIV Reproduction

Question 51

Stop the parts of the virus from assembling inside the human cell

Answer 51

Protease Inhibitors

Question 52

Caused by N. gonorrhoeae, C. trachomatis, Anaerobes, Aerobes and Mycoplasma Lower abdominal tenderness and cervical tenderness, requires management of all sexual partners within 60 days

Answer 52

PID - Pelvic Inflammatory Disease

Question 53

Proteinaceous infectious agent “that resists inactivation by procedures that modify nucleic acids”.

Answer 53

Prion

Question 54

Fatal, degenerative prion disease affecting the CNS of sheep and goats

Answer 54

Scrapie

Question 55

Chronic, degenerative prion disease affecting the central nervous system of cattle “Mad Cow Disease”

Answer 55

Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy (BSE)

Question 56

Prion disease affecting mink on mink ranches, due to possible feeding of bovine or ovine tissue

Answer 56

Transmissible Mink encephalopathy

Question 57

Prion disease found in both captive & free range cervids, causing starvation in the animals Only known contagious prion disease

Answer 57

Chronic wasting disease

Question 58

Prion disease of humans known as “Laughing disease” | Cannibalism of the dead, especially the brain, was the main source of infection

Answer 58

Kuru

Question 59

Disease involving a genetic defect in gene coding for PrP | Alters brain chemistry responsible for sleep-wake cycle

Answer 59

Fatal familial insomnia

Question 60

Disease involving a genetic defect in gene encoding for PrP | Ataxia and motor loss

Answer 60

Gerstmann Strausser Scheinker Syndrome

Question 61

Most common human TSE Three forms: inherited, sporadic and acquired Rapidly progressive dementia with muscle spasms, loss of sensitivity to movements

Answer 61

Creutzfeld-Jakob disease (CJD)

Question 62

Newer forms of human prion disease that has symptoms including psychiatric disturbances, memory impairment, placques, loss of coordination Strongly linked with exposure to BSE agent

Answer 62

Varient CJD or vCJD

Question 63

Ways to destroy prions

Answer 63

``` Autoclaving reduces prions Boiling does not affect prions Phenol is effective NaOH is effective 50% bleach is effective ```

Question 64

Inflammation of the meninges of the spinal cord and brain; caused by bacteria, virus or fungi

Answer 64

Meningitis

Question 65

Sterile liquid produced in the brain that protects the brain and spinal cord

Answer 65

Cerebral Spinal Fluid (CSF)

Question 66

Procedure in which CSF is collected by inserting a needle between the 3rd and 4th lumbar vertebrae

Answer 66

Spinal tap

Question 67

Microbiology test results: negative gram stain, negative culture, and negative india ink Chemistry test results: 50-75mg glucose and 15-45mg protein Hematology test results: 0-5 WBCs

Answer 67

CSF Normal values

Question 68

Microbiology test results: bacteria on gram stain and growth on agars Chemistry test results: <50-75mg glucose and >15-45mg protein Hematology test results: increased WBCs (Segmented neutrophils)

Answer 68

CSF values during Bacterial Meningitis

Question 69

Microbiology and chemistry test results: normal | Hematology test results: increased numbers of WBCs (lymphs)

Answer 69

CSF values during Viral Meningitis

Question 70

Microbiology test results: yeast on gram stain & growth on BAP India ink is positive for a yeast with a capsule

Answer 70

CSF values during Fungal Meningitis caused by Cryptococcus neoformans

Question 71

Pathogens that cause meningitis

Answer 71

Hemophilus influenzae (type B) Streptococcus pneumoniae Neisseria meningitidis Treponema pallidum

Question 72

Protects nervous system when healthy and may inhibit antibiotics from passing from bloodstream into the CSF

Answer 72

Blood brain barrier