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Microbiology > Microbiology for usmle - quizlet > Flashcards

Microbiology for usmle - quizlet Flashcards

1
Q

N. meningitis

A

Gram- coccus, ferments maltose

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2
Q

S. Aureus

A

Gram+ coccus, catalase+, coagulase+

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3
Q

S. Pyogenes, S. Agalactiae

A

Gram+ coccus, catalase-, B-hemolysis

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4
Q

S. epidermitis, S. saprophyticus

A

Gram+ coccus, catalase+, coagulase-

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5
Q

S. Pneumoniae, S. Viridans

A

Gram+ coccus, catalase-, a hemolysis

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6
Q

Enterococcus

A

Gram+ coccus, catalase-, y hemolysis

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7
Q

S. Pneumoniae

A

Gram+ coccus, catalase-, bile soluble

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8
Q

S. Pneumoniae

A

Gram+ coccus, quellung+

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9
Q

Listeria

A

Gram+ rod, has endotoxin

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10
Q

Clostridium, Bacteroides, Actinomyces

A

Aminoglycosides are ineffective

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11
Q

K. Pneumoniae, Salmonella, HiB

A

Gram- rod, quellung+

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12
Q

C. diptheriae

A

AB toxin inactivates EF-2

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13
Q

ETEC

A

AB toxin (1) activates adenylate cyclase (=> cAMP); AB toxin (2) stimulates guanylate cyclase

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14
Q

B. pertussis

A

AB toxin inhibits G(i) protein => increased cAMP

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15
Q

C. diptheriae

A

Has an AB toxin that is similar to Pseudomonas exotoxin A in effect

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16
Q

B. anthracis

A

Has edema factor (=> cAMP)

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17
Q

Streptolysin O

A

Antibody used to dx RF

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18
Q

C. botulinum

A

Blocks Ach release

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19
Q

C. tetani

A

Blocks GABA and glycine release

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20
Q

S. pneumoniae, HiB, N. meningitis

A

Has bacterial competence

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21
Q

Listeria

A

Gram + rod, B hemolysis

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22
Q

S. Aureus, other catalase producing organisms

A

Affects those with chronic granulomatous disease

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23
Q

S. pneumoniae

A

Rusty sputum. Causes sepsis in those with sickle cell anemia, and asplenic patients

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24
Q

S. pneumoniae, HiB, N. meningitis

A

Has IgA protease

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25
Q

S. pyogenes

A

Avoids phagocytosis using M protein

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26
Q

S. bovis

A

Causes bacteremia and subacute endocarditis in colon cancer patients

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27
Q

Clostridium, B. anthracis

A

Gram+ rod, spore forming

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28
Q

B. anthracis

A

Has a polypeptide capsule with D-glutamate

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29
Q

Actinomyces israelii

A

Forms sulfur granules in sinus tracts

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30
Q

M. leprae

A

Gram+ bacillus, grows in live cells only.

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31
Q

M. leprae (lepromatous form)

A

Loss of eyebrows, nasal collapse, lumpy earlobe

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32
Q

K. pneumoniae, E. coli

A

Gram- rod, lactose fermenter

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33
Q

Pseudomonas

A

Gram- rod, non-lactose fermenting, oxidase+

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34
Q

Shigella, Salmonella, Proteus

A

Gram- rod, non-lactose fermenting, oxidase-

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35
Q

Gram- rods

A

Resistant to penicillin G and vancomycin, but may be sensitive to derivative (ie ampicillin)

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36
Q

H. influenza

A

Requires NAD and hematin for growth

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37
Q

Legionella

A

Gram- rod, requires silver stain for visualization

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38
Q

Legionella: erythromycin

A

Gram- rod, needs iron and cysteine for growth. Treat with?

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39
Q

Pseudomonas: aminoglycoside + extended spectrum PCN

A

Causes malignant otitis externa in diabetics. Treat with?

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40
Q

Pseudomonas

A

Produces exotoxin A => inactivates EF-2

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41
Q

Enterobacteria. All are lactose fermenters and oxidase negative

A

Have O, K, and H antigens

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42
Q

EHEC

A

Has a Shiga-like toxin. Causes necrosis and inflammation. Does not invade mucosa.

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43
Q

EPEC

A

Gram- rod. Causes diarrhea by flattening villi - no toxin. Associated with clusters.

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44
Q

K. Pneumoniae

A

Causes aspiration pneumoniae, lung abscesses. Infects alcoholics and diabetics. Also causes nosocomial UTI

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45
Q

EIEC

A

Has a Shiga-like toxin, but mucosal invasion is what causes necrosis/inflammation.

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46
Q

Typhoid fever, caused by Salmonella typhi

A

Fever, diarrhea, HA, rose spots on abdomen

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47
Q

Salmonella

A

Non-lactose fermenting gram-rod; has flagella and produces H2S

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48
Q

Salmonella

A

Remains in gallbladder chronically

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49
Q

Yersinia enterocolitica

A

Mimics Crohn’s and appendicitis. Major source: pigs

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50
Q

H. pylori

A

Gram- rod, urease+. Risk factor for peptic ulcer, gastric adenocarcinoma, and lymphoma

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51
Q

Spirochetes

A

Visualized with dark field microscopy

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52
Q

Borrelia burgorferi: Ixodes tick: doxycycline, ceftriaxone

A

Causes erythema migrans, bilateral Bell’s palsy, AV block, and arthritis. Source? Treat with?

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53
Q

Whipple’s disease (T. whippeli)

A

Visualized with PAS stain

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54
Q

ETEC (often with campy)

A

Common cause of Traveler’s diarrhea

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55
Q

Secondary syphilis

A

Maculopapular rash on palms and soles, condylomata lata

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56
Q

Tertiary syphilis

A

Chronic granulomas, aortic valve insufficiency, tabes dorsales destruction (ataxia, +Romberg, Charcot joints, stroke w/o HTN)

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57
Q

Congenital syphilis

A

Saber shins, saddle nose, Hutchinson’s teeth, deafness, mulberry molars

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58
Q

Tertiary syphilis

A

Argyll Robertson pupil

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59
Q

VDRL

A

Reacts with beef cardiolipin. Can be positive in Viral infxn, drugs, RF, Lupus/leprosy, and syphilis

60
Q

Brucella

A

associated with unpasteurized dairy products/animals. causes undulent fever.

61
Q

Francisella tularensis

A

associated with rabbits and deer. requires cysteine for growth. causes ulcers.

62
Q

Pasteurella multocida

A

cellulitis associated with animal bites (esp cats and dogs)

63
Q

Gardnerella vaginalis: metronidazole

A

Gram variable rod. Overgrowth of bacteria => fishy smell. Clue cells are visible under microscopy. Treat with?

64
Q

Rickettsiae: TCN

A

Obligate intracellular organisms that cause a triad of HA, fever, and a rash. +Weil Felix reaction. Treat with?

65
Q

R. rickettsii (rocky mountain spotted fever)

A

Rash starts on hands and feet, spreads inwards. Transmitted via tick.

66
Q

R. typhi

A

Rash starts centrally and spreads outwards. Does NOT involve palms or soles

67
Q

Coxiella burnetii

A

Inhalation of this causes pneumonia (“Q fever”). -Weil Felix reaction

68
Q

Chlamydiae: erythromycin or TCN

A

Obligate intracellular organism. Has two forms, elementary body and reticulate body. Treat with?

69
Q

Chlamydia psittaci

A

Atypical pneumoniae, has an avian reservoir

70
Q

Chlamydia trachomatis types L1-3

A

obligate intracellular organism, +Frei test. causes lymphogranuloma venereum

71
Q

Chlamydia trachomatis types A, B, C

A

obligate intracellular organism, causes blindness in Africa

72
Q

Chlamydia trachomatis types D-K

A

obligate intracellular organism, causes reactive arthritis, conjunctivitis, urethritis, PID, ectopic pregnancy

73
Q

M. pneumoniae: TCN/erythrocyclin (PCN resistance d/t no cell wall)

A

Classic cause of “walking pneumoniae”. High amt of IgM. Treat with? Why?

74
Q

Histoplasmosis

A

pneumonia associated with bat droppings (cave spelunking). location: Mississippi, Ohio river valleys. yeast is smaller than RBC.

75
Q

Blastomycosis

A

pneumonia, forms granulomatous nodules. location: SE united states. yeast is same as as RBC

76
Q

Coccidioidomycosis

A

pneumonia and meningitis associated with earthquakes. location: SW united states. yeast is larger than RBC

77
Q

Paracoccidioidomycocis

A

captain’s wheel appearance (budding yeast, larger than RBC)

78
Q

Tinea versicolor

A

spaghetti and meatball appearance on KOH prep.

79
Q

Malassezia furfur

A

causes hypopigmented patches on skin

80
Q

dermatocytes (Microsporum, Trichophyton, Epidermophyton): Tinea pedis, cruris, corporis, capitis

A

causes pruritic lesions with central clearing

81
Q

Aspergillus

A

monomorphic mold, with hyphae that branch at angles <45 degrees. especially affects immunocompromised and those with chronic granulomatous disease

82
Q

Cryptococcus neoformans

A

Encapsulated yeast. found in pigeon droppings. “Soap bubble” lesions in brain

83
Q

Mucor and Rhizopus

A

Dimorphic. Mold has branched hyphae at angles >90 degrees. Afects DKA and leukemia patients. Fungus proliferates in blood vessels => infarct, necrosis.

84
Q

Candida albicans: nystatin (superficial) or amphotericin B (serious/systemic)

A

Germ tube formation at 37C. Treat with?

85
Q

Pneumocystis jiroveci: TMP-SMX: CD$ <200

A

Diffuse interstitial pneumonia in immunosuppressed. Treat? When to prophylaxis?

86
Q

Sprothrix schenckii

A

Dimorphic fungus. Causes ascending lymphangitis (ulcers). Cigar-shaped budding yeast.

87
Q

Giardia lamblia: metronidazole

A

Foul-smelling, fatty diarrhea. Often encountered in hikers. Treat with?

88
Q

Entamoeba histolytica: metronidazole/iodoquinol

A

Liver abscess, bloody diarrhea. Histology: flask-shaped ulcer. Treat with?

89
Q

Cryptosporidium: water sanitation

A

Watery diarrhea; severe in AIDS. Acid-fast cysts. Treat with?

90
Q

Toxoplasma: TMP-SMX

A

Brain abscess (HIV): ring-enhancing lesions. Treat with?

91
Q

Congenital Toxoplasma

A

Chorioretinitus, hydrocephalus, intracranial calcifications

92
Q

Naegleria fowleri

A

Rapidaly fatal meningoencephalitis. From swimming in freshwater lakes

93
Q

Trypanosoma cruzi: reduviid bug (kissing bug)

A

Dilated cardiomyopathy, megacolon, megaesophagus. Transmitted via?

94
Q

Trypanosoma gambiense/rhodesiense: Tsetse fly

A

Enlarged lymph nodes, recurring fever, EDS, insomnia, coma. Transmitted via?

95
Q

Leishmania donovani: sandfly

A

Spiking fevers, hepatosplenomegaly, pancytopenia. Transmitted via?

96
Q

Plasmodium: Anopheles mosquito: Chloroquin (+Primaquine if vivax/ovale)

A

Malaria: cyclic fever, HA, anemia, splenomegaly. Transmitted via? Treat with?

97
Q

Babesia: Ixodes tick: Quinine/clindamycin

A

Fever, hemolytic anemia. Blood smear shows maltese cross. Transmitted via? Treat with?

98
Q

Trichomonas vaginalis: metronidazole

A

Foul smelling, green vaginal discharge. Itching and burning. Treat with?

99
Q

Enterobius vermicularis (pinworm)

A

Anal pruritis

100
Q

Ascaris (roundworm)

A

Helminth; Eggs are visible in feces

101
Q

Trichinella spiralis

A

Larvae encyst in muscle; periborbital edema. Usually found in undercooked pork

102
Q

Strongyloides stercoralis

A

Larvae in soil penetrate skin => GI, causing vomiting, diarrhea, anemia

103
Q

Ancylostoma duodenale, Necator americanus (hookworm)

A

Larvae penetrate feet => GI. Sucks blood from intestinal walls => anemia

104
Q

Onchocerca volvulus: blackflies

A

hyperpigmented skin, river blindness. Transmitted via?

105
Q

Loa loa

A

Can see worm crawling in conjunctiva

106
Q

Wuchereria bancrofti

A

causes elephantiasis

107
Q

Toxocara canis

A

causes granulomas, visceral larva migans. If in retina => blindness

108
Q

Taenia solium

A

Ingestion => tapeworm (if larvae) or cysts in brain (if eggs)

109
Q

Diphyllobothrium latum

A

Larvae in raw freshwater fish => B12 deficiency, anemia

110
Q

Echinoccous granulosus

A

Eggs in dog feces, => anaphylaxis. Must inject ethanol before removal of cysts.

111
Q

Schistosoma

A

Cercariae => granuloma, fibrosis, inflammation of spleen/liver (portal HTN). Chronic infxn => squamous CC of bladder

112
Q

Clonorchis sinensis

A

Undercooked fish => cholecystitis => pigmented gallstones. A/w cholangiocarcinoma

113
Q

Paragonimus westermani

A

Undercooked crab => inflammation, infection of lung => hemoptysis

114
Q

lactobacillus

A

normal flora of vagina

115
Q

bacteroides

A

normal flora of colon

116
Q

s. mutans

A

dental plaques

117
Q

vibro

A

food poisoning a/w seafood

118
Q

b. cereus

A

food poisoning a/w reheated rice

119
Q

c. perfringens

A

food poisoning a/w reheated meat

120
Q

c. botulinum

A

food poisoning a/w improperly canned food

121
Q

e coli O157:H7

A

food poisoning a/w undercooked meat

122
Q

salmonella

A

food poisoning a/w poultry, eggs

123
Q

s. aureus

A

food poisoning a/w custard, meat, mayo. preformed toxin.

124
Q

S. pneumo, K. pneumo, staph

A

pneumonia a/w alcoholics or IV drug users

125
Q

psuedomonas

A

a/w cystic fibrosis

126
Q

listeria

A

causes meningitis in newborns and elderly

127
Q

s. aureus

A

MC cause of osteomyelitis

128
Q

pseudomonas

A

osteomyelitis in diabetics, drug addicts

129
Q

salmonella

A

osteomyelitis in those with sickle cell

130
Q

pasteurella

A

osteomyelitis from cat/dog bites/scratches

131
Q

n. gonorrhea/septic arthritis

A

osteomyelitis in sexually active

132
Q

leukocyte esterase (=> bacterial); nitrite (=> gram-)

A

diagnostic markers for UTI

133
Q

s. aprophyticus

A

2nd lead causing of community acquired UTI in sexually active women

134
Q

congenital rubella

A

PDA, cataracts, deafness, “blueberry muffin” rash

135
Q

congenital CMV

A

hearing loss, seizures

136
Q

congenital HIV

A

recurrent infxn, chronic diarrhea

137
Q

congenital HSV

A

encephalitis, herpetic lesions

138
Q

syphilis

A

often results in hydrops fetalis

139
Q

Haemophilus decreyi (chancroid)

A

painful genital ulcer, inguinal adenopathy

140
Q

HSV2

A

painful penile, vulvar, or cervical ulcers. can cause systemic sx

141
Q

chlamydia, gonorrhea

A

chandelier sign - MC causes?

142
Q

Trichomonas

A

vaginitis, strawberry cervix

143
Q

HiB

A

fever with dysphagia, drooling, difficulty breathing. cherry red epiglottis

144
Q

c. diptheriae

A

grayish oropharyngeal exudate

145
Q

poliovirus, Hib

A

meningitis, may lead to myalgia and paralysis

146
Q

bartonella henselae

A

superficial vascular proliferation

Microbiology (2 decks)

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