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Transition block 1 > Microbiology - GI > Flashcards

Microbiology - GI Flashcards

1
Q

Which immune system components target bacteria?

A

Phagocytes, antibody/B lymphocytes and complement

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2
Q

Which immune system components target viruses?

A

T lymphocytes, antibody/B lymphocytes

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3
Q

Which immune system components target fungi?

A

Phagocytes, T lymphocytes, eosinophil

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4
Q

Which immune system components target protozoa?

A

T lymphocytes and eosinophils

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5
Q

Which immune system components target worms?

A

Eosinophils and mast cells

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6
Q

What is the basic mechanism behind peritonitis and what are some examples of causes?

A

Peritoneal cavity is normally sterile so leakage of bowel contents results in peritonitis
e.g. perforated duodenal ulcer, perforated appendix, perforated diverticulum

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7
Q

What are some local and systemic signs of peritonitis?

A

Local - pain, tenderness, guarding, blood PR

Systemic - fever, chills or rigors, N+V, constipation or diarrhoea, malaise, anorexia

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8
Q

What are the criteria for the qSOFA score?

A

RR>22bpm, sBP<100mmHg and GCS<14

Score of >2 = mortality of >10%

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9
Q

What are the criteria for SIRS (systemic inflammatory response syndrome)?

A

Temp >38 or <36
HR >90bpm
RR >20/min
WCC >12,000 or <4000 or >10% immature neutrophils

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10
Q

What can cause SIRS?

A

Infection, burns, trauma, pancreatitis

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11
Q

What is sepsis?

A

SIRS with a presumed or confirmed infectious process

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12
Q

What is septic shock?

A

Sepsis plus signs of at least one acute organ dysfunction e.g. renal, respiratory, unexplained metabolic acidosis
Sepsis with hypotension refractory to adequate volume resuscitation

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13
Q

What are some common bacteraemia sources in the community?

A 
E.coli (urine, abdomen)
Strep pneumoniae (respiratory)
Staph aureus (usually MSSA skin)
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14
Q

What are some common bacteraemia sources in hospital?

A

E.coli (catheter related or abdomen)
Staph aureus (line or wound related)
Enterococci (urine, wound, line)
Klebsiella (urine, wound)

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15
Q

What are coliforms?

A

E.coli and similar organisms that inhabit the large bowel, such as Klebsiella, Proteus, Enterobacter and Serratia species

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16
Q

What is a strict aerobe?

A

Organism that requires oxygen for growth e.g. pseudomonas

17
Q

What are aerobes?

A

Organisms that grow better with oxygen but can also grow without it e.g. staph, strep, enterococci and coliforms (i.e. majority of pathogens)

18
Q

What is a strict anaerobe?

A

Organism that will NOT grow in the presence of oxygen e.g. Clostridium, bacteroides and anaerobic cocci
Present in large numbers in the large bowel

19
Q

What organisms are present in the normal flora of the mouth?

A

Strep viridans, neisseria, candida

20
Q

What organisms are present in the normal flora of the stomach/duodenum?

A

Usually sterile due to low pH - few candida and staph may survive

21
Q

What organisms are present in the normal flora of the jejunum?

A

Small numbers of coliforms and anaerobes

22
Q

What organisms are present in the normal flora of the colon?

A

Large numbers of coliforms, anaerobes and enterococcus faecalis

23
Q

What organisms are present in the normal flora of the bile ducts?

A

Usually sterile

24
Q

How is intra-abdominal sepsis treated?

A

Amoxicillin + gentamicin + metronidazole

25
Q

What does amoxicilin cover?

A

Strep + enterococci (gram +ve)

26
Q

What does gentamicin cover?

A

Aerobic coliforms (gram -ve)

27
Q

What does metronidazole cover?

A

Anaerobes

28
Q

How is intra-abdominal sepsis treated in a penicillin allergic patient?

A

Co-trimoxazole, gentamicin + metronidazole

29
Q

Why is the duration of gentamicin treatment usually limited?

A

Concerns regarding nephrotoxicity

Usually limited to 72 hours and renal function is monitored daily

30
Q

What is involved in SEPSIS 6?

A 
BUFALO 
Blood cultures
Urine output monitoring
Fluid resuscitation
Antibiotics IV
Lactate and FBC
Oxygen 15L/min

Transition block 1 (11 decks)

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