Microbiology (I, II)

Question 1

What is the definition of “microbiology”?

Answer 1

they study of small microorganisms which cannot be seen with the unaided eye

Question 2

What microorganisms are seen in microbiology?

Answer 2

bacteria, fungi, molds, yeast, viruses, parasites

Question 3

What is important to know about microbes?

Answer 3

• microbes are everywhere!
• most are harmless to humans
• “bad” microbes are called pathogens

Question 4

What are some roles that microbes play in our lives?

Answer 4

• they break down waste & provide nitrogen to soil
• they live in our gut & manufacture vitamins that we need
• they are the bottom of the food chain in our oceans & waterways

Question 5

T/F? Microbes are a big part of the food production industry.

Answer 5

True! They are used to make cheese & yogurt.

Question 6

The scientific names of microbes often refer to what?

Answer 6

their shape or living environment

Question 7

What is are the main differences between prokaryotes vs. eukaryotes?

Answer 7

• prokaryotes = lack a nucleus & membrane-bound organelles
• eukaryotes = have a nucleus & membrane-bound organelles

Question 8

T/F? Bacteria are eukaryotic organisms.

Answer 8

False! They are prokaryotic & unicellular.

Question 9

What are the 3 common shapes of bacterium?

Answer 9

• bacillus (rods)
• coccus (spheres)
• spirillum (spiral)

Question 10

The amount of peptidoglycan in a bacterial cell wall is used as a method of classification as either _____ or _____.

Answer 10

Gram+ or Gram-

Question 11

Bacteria survive by metabolizing various organic chemicals derived from ______.

Answer 11

the breakdown of materials from living or dead organisms.

Question 12

Bacteria reproduce by ______, a form of ______ reproduction.

Answer 12

binary fission; asexual

Question 13

What structures allow a bacteria to be motile?

Answer 13

flagella, pili, or fimbriae

Question 14

______ is a classification of prokaryotic organisms that have cell walls containing no peptidoglycan. Many extremophiles fall under this category.

Answer 14

Archaea

Question 15

T/F? Archaea are known to be extremely pathogenic.

Answer 15

False! They are not known to be pathogens.

Question 16

T/F? Fungi are eukaryotic organisms that can be unicellular or multicellular, reproducing sexually or asexually.

Answer 16

True!

Question 17

Large, multicellular fungi include _____ & _____.

Answer 17

molds & mushrooms

Question 18

Small, unicellular fungi are called _____.

Answer 18

Yeasts

Question 19

T/F? Fungi are natural decomposers, and obtain nourishment from photosynthesis.

Answer 19

False! They obtain nourishment by absorbing it from their environment.

Question 20

T/F? Protozoa are eukaryotic, unicellular microorganisms, which are motile, and reproduce sexually or asexually.

Answer 20

True!

Question 21

What is algae’s most important roles in the environment?

Answer 21

produce oxygen & essential carbohydrates used by other organisms

Question 22

Algae does not require organic compounds from the environment for nourishment. Instead, its metabolism is dependent on ________.

Answer 22

Photosynthesis

Question 23

Multicellular animal parasites are not technically microorganisms, but they are medically important… What are some organisms included in this category?

Answer 23

helminths (tapeworms, roundworms, flukes)

Question 24

T/F? Viruses are considered living organisms.

Answer 24

False! They are not a living organism.

Question 25

What device is used to view viruses?

Answer 25

Electron microscope

Question 26

T/F? Viruses can reproduce on their own very rapidly.

Answer 26

False! Viruses are completely reliant on a host cell, and are inert without.

Question 27

What are the 2 classifications of viruses?

Answer 27

Capsid + Enveloped

Question 28

In 1978, Carl Woese devised a system of classifying microbes based on ______.

Answer 28

cell structure.

Question 29

What is bacteriology?

Answer 29

the study of bacteria

Question 30

What is mycology?

Answer 30

the study of fungus

Question 31

What is immunology?

Answer 31

the study of immunity

Question 32

What is virology?

Answer 32

the study of viruses

Question 33

What is Recombinant DNA Technology?

Answer 33

the field of genetic engineering

Question 34

What is epidemiology?

Answer 34

the study of disease spread

Question 35

What are the roles of the LVT in regard to microbiology?

Answer 35

- collecting & processing specimens - use of lab equipment & assays - rapidly, accurately provide info to DVM

Question 36

T/F? You should examine all specimens in the same manner.

Answer 36

False! Methods for examining specimens depends on the type.

Question 37

What is the definition of a "good" specimen?

Answer 37

it is a sample that is representative of the disease process/infection site

Question 38

What are some ways you can prevent contamination of a specimen during collection?

Answer 38

- aspirate - drain orifices/tracts of normal flora prior

Question 39

What are the adequate quantities of body fluids and exudates/tissues for specimen collection?

Answer 39

- body fluids >1mL - exudates/tissues >3cm

Question 40

What are the 3 main things to obtain/consider when prepping to ship a specimen out to the lab?

Answer 40

- each sample is packaged separately & is leak-proof - proper labeling (name, date, species, source) - proper history

Question 41

T/F? Direct microscopic examination is considered the most important lab procedure for microbiologic diagnosis.

Answer 41

True!

Question 42

When should you do a direct microscopic examination on a specimen?

Answer 42

ASAP, immediately!

Question 43

What dyes/stains can you use to view bacteria on a slide?

Answer 43

Wright's stain or Methylene Blue

Question 44

______ are used for the primary isolation of bacteria from clinical specimens, and can contain inhibitory ingredients for selective groups to grow.

Answer 44

Agar plates

Question 45

What tools can you use to perform the "streaking method" on an agar plate?

Answer 45

swabs or bacteriologic loops

Question 46

How do you properly incubate an agar plate?

Answer 46

- invert plate to prevent condensation - keep lids loose - maintain proper temperature - provide anaerobic or aerobic atmosphere - let incubate for 15-24 hr, up to 3 days

Question 47

What are you looking for when evaluating an agar plate after incubation?

Answer 47

- # of diff. types bacteria isolated - relative # of each type - colonial morphology - changes in media/agar - result or scale (1+ to 4+)

Question 48

T/F? Both blood collection and cystocentesis require surgical prep before obtaining a sample.

Answer 48

True!

Question 49

Staphylococcus, Streptococcus, and Enterococcus are all Gram _____ _____.

Answer 49

Gram Positive Cocci

Question 50

Bacillus spp, Clostridium spp, and Corynebacterium app are all Gram _____ ______.

Answer 50

Gram Positive Rods

Question 51

E. Coli, Salmonella spp, and Pasteurella spp. are all Gram ______ _______.

Answer 51

Gram Negative Bacteria

Question 52

Leptospira spp and Helicobacter spp are _____ and _____ _______.

Answer 52

Spirochetes; Curved Bacteria

Question 53

What is antimicrobial susceptibility testing, and why is it important?

Answer 53

- process used in clinical labs to determine which microbial agents are effective against a specific organism causing an infection (ie: antibiotics) - grants ability to choose appropriate therapy for infectious diseases

Question 54

What is the Kirby-Bauer disk diffusion method used for?

Answer 54

assessing the susceptibility of microorganisms to antimicrobial agents

Question 55

How would you perform the Kirby-Bauer disk diffusion method?

Answer 55

- place antimicrobial agent disks onto an agar plate inoculated with a specific microorganism - allow antimicrobial agent to diffuse into agar - measure the "zone of inhibition" around the disk

Question 56

In reference to antimicrobial susceptibility testing, what does "MIC" stand for? And what does it reflect?

Answer 56

- Minimal Inhibitory Concentration - shows the lowest concentration of an antimicrobial to inhibit growth

Question 57

What are dermatophytes, and how can you test for them?

Answer 57

- dermatophytes = fungi that causes fungal infections - DTM, Woods Lamp

Question 58

T/F? Yeasts are commonly pathogenic.

Answer 58

False! They are rarely significant pathogens.

Question 59

How can you diagnose a viral infection?

Answer 59

Examining the appropriate specimen for evidence of infection

Question 60

What is the purpose of performing an immunoassay?

Answer 60

Detection of antigens & antibodies

Question 61

In reference to diagnostic tests, what does "PCR" stand for?

Answer 61

Polymerase Chain Reaction

Question 62

Usually ____ days after showing clinical signs, an animal can produce antibodies.

Answer 62

5-10 days

Question 63

When should you collect samples for serology?

Answer 63

- one acute sample (early illness) - one convalescent sample (later time)

Question 64

Immunological disorders can be classified into what 4 types?

Answer 64

- allergies - autoimmune diseases - immunodeficiencies - immunoproliferative diseases

Question 65

How can you diagnose allergies?

Answer 65

PE, history, & intradermal inoculation testing

Question 66

How can you diagnose autoimmune disorders?

Answer 66

evaluating lesions

Question 67

How can you diagnose immunoproliferative diseases?

Answer 67

abnormal amount / unusual type of immunoglobulin proteins

Question 68

How do you diagnose immunodeficiencies or immunosuppressive disorders?

Answer 68

specialized equipment for assays

Question 69

What are nosocomial infections?

Answer 69

an infection resulting from exposure to an infectious agent while hospitalized

Question 70

Nosocomial infections tend to be which two types?

Answer 70

- Bacterial (most common) - Viral

Question 71

How can you control the occurrence of nosocomial infections?

Answer 71

- sterilizing equipment - aseptic technique - hand washing - good housekeeping - using antimicrobials wisely - isolation practices