"Microbiology/Immunology Vaccines" SANA Flashcards Preview

Unit 6 > "Microbiology/Immunology Vaccines" SANA > Flashcards

Flashcards in "Microbiology/Immunology Vaccines" SANA Deck (26)
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1
Q

What is an adjuvant?

A

A compound that increases the immunogenicity of an antigen

2
Q

Match the following:

  1. Passive immunization
  2. Active immunization
  3. Live-attenuated

a. weakened virus that can have limited replication
b. gives immediate resistance to an infection
c. inducing immune response to pathogens via antigen immunization

A

1-b
2-c
3-a

3
Q

What is the phenomena where enough individuals immunized allows for the slowing or halting of an infection?

A

Herd immunity

4
Q

Why are some vaccinations for infants delayed?

A

Some vaccinations require the infant to catch an infection. Thus if the infant is too young, the mother’s antibodies will prevent the baby from getting the infection and developing immunity.

5
Q

What is a similar trend that followed once diphtheria, polio and measles vaccines were introduced?

A

These diseases all reduced drastically in prevalence.

6
Q

What is the difference between DPT, DTaP and Tdap?

A

These are all diphtheria pertussis tetanus vaccines. However, DTP is the older vaccine using whole, killed pertussis. DTaP uses the acellular components, while Tdap is a reduced concentration used in adolescents and adults.

7
Q

Why was the DPT discontinued?

A

It was using the whole killed pertussis, which induced a very strong immune response that often lead to fever (some being severe).

8
Q

does DTaP contain a toxin or a toxoid?

A

Toxoid: killed pertussis components.

9
Q

What does DTaP use as an adjuvant?

A

Aluminum salts

10
Q

What is the disease death rate in diphtheria and tetanus?

A

1/20 dead

11
Q

Is the oral polio vaccine a live attenuated strain or an inactivated polio strain?

A

Live-attenuated

12
Q

Which of the following correctly describes the MMR vaccine?

a. live-attenuated
b. Killed, components

A

a

13
Q

What is the MMR vaccine not given to infants earlier than 12-15 months of age?

A

Because infants then carry maternal antibodies that keep the vaccine virus from growing

14
Q

What is a major concern for pregnant women who have rubella?

A

Birth defects in their babies

15
Q

Why is recommended that women planning on becoming pregnant are tested for the rubella antibody titer?

A

To make sure that the women are vaccinated against rubella, which can cause birth defects if the mother is infected during pregnancy.

16
Q

Name 5 issues with the Andrew Wakefield paper in the Lancet that claimed that MMR vaccines cause autism

A
  1. Three of the nine children did not have autism and only one had regressive autism.
  2. 5 of the children have preexisting developmental issues
  3. Some children actually showed behavioral problems months after vaccination instead of days
  4. Unremarkable colonic histopathology results were changed to read ‘non-specific colitis’
  5. Wakefield was recruited by the law firm representing parents in a suit against the pharmaceutical company making the vaccine.
17
Q

Is thimersol still used in vaccines today?

A

No

18
Q

What is the death rate among those infected with measles?

A

1/3000

19
Q

What are some other diseases that arise with measles?

A

Otitis media, pneumonia, severe CNS

20
Q

What do the vaccines cervarix and gardasil protect against? and who do they protect?

A

Protection against HPV (Cervarix: types 16/18; Gardasil: types 6/11/16/18) for both males and females

21
Q

The HPV vaccination is recommended starting at what age?

A

age 11 or 12 for girls.

22
Q

How is rabies transmitted to humans?

A

Bite from infected animal

23
Q

In the United States, which animals are we most likely to get rabies from?

A

Bats and raccoons as domestic animals are mostly vaccinated.

24
Q

For post-exposure to rabies in non-immunized individuals, how many vaccinations are given?

A

four: one on each days 0, 3, 7, and 14

25
Q

For post-exposure to rabies in immunized individuals, how many vaccinations are given?

A

Two: one on each days 0 and 3

26
Q

What are the three rabies post-exposure prophylaxis?

A

RIG: Rabies Immune Globulin
HDCV: human diploid cell rabies vaccine
PCECV: purified chick embryo cell vaccine

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