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Respiratory Embryology, Microbiology, and Histology > Microbiology of Respiratory Tract Infections II > Flashcards

Microbiology of Respiratory Tract Infections II Flashcards

1
Q

What is present in the nasopharynx to protect agains RTIs?

A

Nasal hairs
Ciliated epithelia
IgA

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2
Q

What is present in the oropharynx to protect against RTIs?

A

Saliva
sloughing
Cough

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3
Q

What type of gram positive bacteria colonise the nasopharynx and oropharynx?

A

Alpha haemolytic streptococcus and beta-haemolytic strep

Staph aureus

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4
Q

What type of gram negative bacteria colonise the nasopharynx and oropharynx?

A

Haemophilus influenza
Moraxella catharalis
Other

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5
Q

What is epiglottis?

A

Inflammation of the pipiglottis and superior larynx

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6
Q

What bacteria causes acute epiglottitis?

A

Haemophilus influenza type B

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7
Q

What clinical presentation does acute epiglottitis have in children?

A

Sore trhorat
Drooling
Severe stridor
Hight termperature

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8
Q

What are the risk factors for eppiglottitis?

A

Immunocompromised/suppressed

Transmission of capsulated strain to unvaccinated host

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9
Q

How is acute epiglottitis treated?

A

Admit to ICU

Ceftriaxone

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10
Q

What does a gram stain of haemophilia influenza show?

A

Pus cells and gram negative coccobacillus

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11
Q

What are the upper respiratory tract defences?

A

Nasopharynx

Oropharynx

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12
Q

What are the conducting airways’ defences?

A

Trachea and bronchi

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13
Q

What normally colonises the conducting airways?

A

Not usually colonised

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14
Q

How do the conducting airways resist infection?

A

Mucociliary escalator
Cough
AMPs
Cellular and humoral immunity

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15
Q

When are acute exacerbation of COPD typical?

A

Following a viral infection

Winter (temp decrease / humidity increase)

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16
Q

What bacteria cause an acute exacerbation of COPD?

A

Haemophilus Influenza
Moraxella Catarrhalis
Strep pneumonia

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17
Q

What is cystic fibrosis?

A

Congenital disorder that causes abnormally viscous mucous and blockage of many tubular structures including the conducting airways and lungs

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18
Q

What are the bacteria that are involved in CF infections due to inefficient clearance and mucous build-up?

A 
Staph aureus 
Haemophilus influenza 
Strep pneumoniae 
Pseudomonas aeruginosa 
Burkholderia capacia 
many others
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19
Q

What causes acute bronchitis?

A

90% viral (others including whooping cough=

Preceeded by URT infection

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20
Q

What is pertussis?

A

Acute tracheobronchitis

“Whooping cough”

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21
Q

How is pertussis diagnosed?

A

Pernasal swab - culture in charcoal blood agar / PCR / serology

22
Q

What are the common causes of community-acquired pneumonia?

A

Strep pneumoniae
H. influenza
M. carrhalis

23
Q

What are atypical causes of CAP?

A

Mycoplasma pneumoniae
Legionella pneumophilia
Chlamydophila pneumoniae
Chlamydophila psitacci

24
Q

What are other lung infections besides CAP?

A

Hospital accrued pneumonia
Immune defects and anatomical abnormalities
TB

25
Q

What is the pathogenesis of legionella Pneumonia?

A

Invade alveolar macrophages and replicated

26
Q

How is legionella pneumonia transmitted?

A

Inhalation of contaminated water droplets

No person-person transmission

27
Q

How is legionella pneumonia diagnosed?

A

Legionella urinary antigen - detect hero group
Culture
Paired serology - rise in titres
PCR from sputum

28
Q

What are risk factors for HAP?

A

Invasive ventilation
Issues with mucociliary escalator (from drugs?)
Sedation
Immunosuppression

29
Q

What bacteria cause HAP?

A

60% gram negative: E. coli / Kleb. spp. / Pseudomonas spp

CAP organisms: S. aureus / anaerobes

30
Q

In which patients is pneumocystis pneumonia (PCP) very common?

A

AIDS patients / immunosuppressed

31
Q

What are the clinical symptoms of PCPß

A 
Fever
Dry cough 
Dyspnoea
Fatigue 
Higher fever if non-HIV
32
Q

How is PCP diagnosed?

A

BAL > Sputum > PCR

33
Q

How is PCP treated?

A

Co-trimoxazole

34
Q

How is legionella pneumonia treated?

A

Clarithromycin
Erythromycin
Quinolone (e.g. levofloxacin)

35
Q

Which antibiotic would be used to treat an acute exacerbation of COPD?

A

Amoxicillin (1st line)

Doxycycline (2nd line)

36
Q

How is pertussis / whopping cough treated?

A

Antibiotics

37
Q

What is Aspergillus?

A

Fungal chest infection

38
Q

What usually causes Aspergillus?

A

Aspergillus fumigatus

39
Q

What does aspergillus cause in immunocompromised/suppressed patients?

A

Severe pneumonia
Pre-existing chest condition
Invasive disease

40
Q

What does aspergillus cause in immunocompetent patients?

A

Localised pulmonary infection

Aspergilloma in pre-existing chest cavities

41
Q

What is an Aspergilloma?

A

Fungal ball

42
Q

How is aspergillus transmitted?

A

Inhalation of fungal spores

43
Q

How is Aspergillus diagnosed?

A

BAL (Broncho-alveolar lavage) - fungal culture / PCR

Tissue histopathology

44
Q

How is Aspergillus treated?

A

Amphotericin B
Voriconazole
Surgery

45
Q

What bacterium causes TB?

A

Mycobacterium tuberculosis (thick waxy coat)

46
Q

What is the pathogenesis of TB?

A

Engulfed by alveolar macrophages in alveoli - resist killing & multiply
Most TB is latent but can be reactivated (10% immediate)

47
Q

What is TB infection associated with?

A

Travel to high-prevalence areas

Immunocompromised/suppressed

48
Q

How does the Ziehl-neelson stain work?

A

Red dye added to smear - heated (to allow dye to penetrate waxy coat) - acid/alcohol added - waxy coat retain dye - counter-stain added - mycobacterium appear reed

49
Q

What are the three diagnostic tools for TB?

A

ZN
PCR
Culture

50
Q

What are the 3 main routes of transmission?

A

Contact
Airborne
Droplet

Respiratory Embryology, Microbiology, and Histology (5 decks)

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