Microbiology - Principles Flashcards by Monica Kierney

3 domains of life

archaea
eukaryotes
bacteria

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protozoa

single celled animals

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fungi

higher plant like organisms

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bacteria

usually small, unicellular organisms

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viruses

very small obligate parasites

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eukaryote vs prokaryote

eukaryotes are much bigger, more complex, have linear chromosomes, no flexible cell wall and a cell cycle

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structure of a nucleoid

contains DNA and proteins
no nuclear membrane
chromosomes are single, circular molecules
basic DNA

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gram positive

thick, multilayer peptidoglycan

target of penicillin

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gram negative

outer membrane
periplasm (gel like matrix between membranes)
thinner peptidoglycan
target of penicillin

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order of prokaryote protein synthesis

gene
mRNA
ribosome
protein
2nd, 3rd, 4th structure
export

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prokaryote food

c source organic e.g. protein/sugar
N source
O&H source
vitamins`

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prokaryotic growth

food
temperature
hydrogen ion conc
osmotic protection
oxygen

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identification of microorganisms

microscopy
measures shape, size, grouping
flagella, spores
staining

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common shapes of bacteria

cocci - spheres
bacilli - rods
spiral shaped

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cocci division in one plane

produce chains 4-20 cocci e.g. streptococcus

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cocci division in three planes

produce clumps. eg staphylococcus

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obligate aerobes

require oxygen

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obligate anaerobes

killed by oxygen

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facultative anaerobes

can tolerate oxygen

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selective media

a media that selects the growth of specific prokaryotes

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differential media

incorporations of chemicals produces visible changes in colonies that facilitate identification

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metabolic profiling

utilisation of carbon sources

utilisation of amino acids

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agglutination

clumping of an antigen and antibody

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DNA technology

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specific primers amplify specific pieces of DNA

allows precise identification

16sRNA

RNA component of holoenzyme

multi locus sequence typing (MLST)

increasing resolution | entire genome sequencing

MALDI-TOF

powerful, rapid, precise, cost effective separates ions according to mass and charge detects the spectrum of proteins released from a sample

haemolysis

streptococci ONLY

virulence

the capacity of a microbe to cause damage to a host

pathogen

harmful organism that produces a pathology

commensal bacteria

organism part of the normal flora often mutualistic relationship endogenous

opportunistic pathogen

organism that causes infection when opportunity/change in natural immunity arises

examples of gram negative organisms

Neisseria spp | Escherichia spp

examples of gram positive organisms

streptococcus staphylococcus enterococcus clostridium

coliform

species of gram negative bacilli that look like E.coli | grow best aerobically

are coliforms dangerous?

yes. any coliform that gets into a normally sterile tract can cause infection. e.g. UTI

antibiotic used to treat infections from coliforms

gentamicin

mechanism of fever production

antigen interacts with macrophages macrophages release cytokines into the blood stream cytokines travel to the anterior hypothalamus prostaglandin E is released which increases the bodies thermal set point the body now perceives itself as cold and starts to shiver in order to conserve heat

normal body temperature

37 degrees

fever temperature

38>

alpha haemolysis

partial haemolysis

beta haemolysis

full haemolysis

gamma haemolysis

no haemolysis

antibiotics

a drug used to treat or prevent infections caused by microorganisms

bacteriostatic

inhibits the growth of bacteria

bacteriocidal

kills bacteria

ideal antibiotic

``` long half life cidal (kills bacteria) minimal damage to host good tissue distribution no side effects ```

excretion of antibiotics

through urine, liver, biliary tract and faeces

antibiotic targets

``` cell wall ribosomes DNA replication DNA gyrases metabolic pathways ```

commonly prescribed cell wall antimicrobials

penicillin cephalosporins glycopeptides

advantages of penicillin

safe to use when pregnant very few side effects range from narrow spectrum to broad spectrum

disadvantages of penicillin

excreted very quickly through kidneys many people are allergic many strains are resistant

cephalosporins

broad spectrum antibiotics that effect the bowel flora

broad spectrum antibiotics

acts against both gram positive and gram negative bacteria

narrow spectrum antibiotics

acts against specific families of bacteria

how do antibiotics inhibit protein synthesis

they attach to bacterial ribosomes protein synthesis resumes once the antibiotic is removed the exception to this is aminoglycosides which is lethal when the antibiotic binds to the bacterial ribosome

what does SICP's stand for?

standard infection control procedures

5 ways infection can spread

``` inhalation inoculation intercourse ingestion mother to infant ```

what does BBE stand for?

bare below the elbows

Microbiology - Principles Flashcards

to pass the formative :))) (59 cards)